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Over one third of our planet is frozen,

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and yet the icy worlds
of the Arctic and Antarctic

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are as alien to most of us
as the surface of another planet.

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They are places of superlatives,

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from ice caps that hold nearly 80%
of our planet's fresh water

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to frozen forests
that encircle the entire globe.

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These are places that feed
our imaginations,

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places that seem to be borrowed
from fairytales.

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They're dominated and shaped by the ice,

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both by its coming and by its going.

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This is our planet's
last true wilderness

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and one that is changing just as
we are beginning to understand it.

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In this series we'll be travelling
to all parts of these lonely lands,

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both north and south,

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to witness its wonders,
perhaps for the last time,

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and to discover
some extraordinary examples

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of survival against all the odds

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as can be found anywhere on the planet.

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The Poles are
permanently capped with ice.

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Nowhere is colder,
windier or more hostile to life.

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I'm standing at the North Pole,

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the very top of the Earth.

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Up here, it's easy to see
why the polar regions are so cold.

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The sun never rises high enough
in the sky to warm my back

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and those rays
that do strike the surface

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are mostly reflected back
from this great whiteness.

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But the fundamental problem

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is that there's no sun here at all
for half the year.

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The polar winter
is unrivalled in its harshness,

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a night that lasts for months.

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Only the toughest stay,
as temperatures plunge

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to minus 70 degrees centigrade.

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And yet the greatest challenge
to life here is not the cold,

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but the extreme swings
between the seasons.

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When the sun finally returns,
an extraordinary transformation begins.

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This frozen world begins to melt away.

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The polar spring
brings a brief opportunity for life.

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By summer, the sun no longer sets
and works its magic for 24 hours a day.

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Now it's a race to breed
before the sun departs.

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By autumn, all but the hardiest
abandon the Poles

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and the ice extends its grip.

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Land and sea close down
for the long polar winter

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until, once again, the sun returns.

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It's spring in the high Arctic

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and the sun illuminates
a giant frozen ocean,

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the first stop on our journey.

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The most powerful land predator
is on the prowl.

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A male polar bear
is searching for a mate.

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Willing females are few and far between

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and the sea-ice on which he travels
will soon melt and vanish.

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He's running out of time to find a mate
in this vast frozen desert.

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Ten miles ahead,

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a single female without cubs,

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exactly what the male is seeking.

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He seems to relish her scent,
even though she's miles away.

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This is an exciting prospect.

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She's clearly giving off
the right signals.

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He locks onto her tracks,
eager not to lose her trail.

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It's easier to tread
in the compacted snow of her footprints.

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This pursuit could last for days.

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The female eventually comes into view.

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The search is finally over.

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For the female, only half his weight,
this must be a nerve-wracking encounter.

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The male could kill her if he chooses.

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But he has other intentions.

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And she is ready and willing.

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She leads him to higher ground.

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It seems that courting polar bears
prefer privacy,

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often leaving the sea-ice
and heading for the hills

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to avoid the prying eyes
of rival males who might disturb them.

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Few have witnessed this moment.

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For the male, his only tender encounter
in an otherwise solitary life.

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But it doesn't last long.

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A rival suitor has also caught
the female's scent.

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Courtship has to be put on hold,
he must fight for his rights.

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He sees off this first challenger
without injury to either party.

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But bloodier battles are to come.

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Another battle won,
though he has been slightly injured.

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He hurries back to his mate,

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but now she seems
to have lost her enthusiasm.

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Female polar bears are high maintenance.

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Wherever she goes he will follow,
mating with her when she allows

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and guarding her at all times.

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Over the next two weeks,
the male sees off many rivals,

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but the battles take their toll on him.

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He is almost spent,

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but he has ensured that no other bears
have mated with his female.

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It's time for the couple to go
their separate ways.

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She will give birth to his cubs, alone,
in nine months' time,

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and he may never see her again.

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He returns to the frozen ocean,

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no doubt relieved
to resume his solitary ways,

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and just in time.

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The ice beneath his feet
will soon be gone.

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Each spring the Arctic Ocean undergoes
an extraordinary transformation.

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An area of sea-ice
the size of Europe melts,

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exposing the rich waters beneath.

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Short-tailed shearwaters have travelled
10,000 miles from Australia to be here.

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Eighteen million visitors
darken the skies,

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the largest gathering of sea birds
on the planet.

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Humpback whales have come all the way
from the Equator

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to feed in these rich polar waters.

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Their giant tails are
five meters across.

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Simply raising them above the surface

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gives the whales
enough downward momentum

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to reach the great swarms of krill
and herring below.

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The shearwaters follow the giants' lead.

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For those who can get here, in summer,

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these waters provide a feast
of epic proportions.

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But the good times will be very short,

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a problem that faces all life
in the polar regions.

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Journeying south
across the Arctic Ocean,

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the first land you reach is Greenland,
the largest island in the world.

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Despite its name,
Greenland is mostly white,

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covered by a giant ice sheet

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six times the size
of the United Kingdom.

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In the middle of the island,
the ice is nearly two miles thick.

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It's a bleak, quiet world.

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Sapphire-blue melt-lakes
are the first sign

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that a dynamic process is underway.

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Each lake forms in a matter of days,

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expanding until it's miles across
and starts to overflow.

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The spill water then carves its way
through the ice.

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The water courses through an icy delta

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like blood along the arteries
of a cold-blooded monster,

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a monster that is stirring.

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And without warning, the water suddenly
plunges down an open shaft,

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falling a vertical mile
into the heart of the ice sheet.

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This meltwater has a surprising effect.

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It lubricates the junction between
the ice and the rock floor beneath,

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so the entire ice-sheet
is now on the move,

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sliding downhill into the ocean.

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This, Jakobshavn Isbrae,

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is the fastest flowing glacier
on our planet

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moving as much as 40 meters a day.

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As it advances,
it destroys everything in its path,

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even cutting its way through
Greenland's great mountain ranges

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on its drive downwards towards the sea.

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When speeded up,
these solid rivers of ice

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seem to flow just like liquid rivers.

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This is the titanic force

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that cuts down mountains
and levels the surface of continents.

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The ice is now entering
the last stage of its descent.

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As it gains speed, huge crevasses open
that extend down to its very core.

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It's reached the ocean,
and millions of tons of ice

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have lost the support
of their rocky bed.

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Something must give.

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These icefalls are an ominous sign
of what is about to happen.

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A rupture deep within the glacier.

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A colossal iceberg is born.

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This single block of ice,
many hundreds of meters across,

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would dwarf the biggest
of mankind's buildings.

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Every year,
tens of thousands of icebergs

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are spawned by Greenland's glaciers,

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and their number is steadily increasing
as the climate continues to warm.

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The break-up of the bergs

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fills the bays of the Arctic
with exquisite ice sculptures.

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It also releases great volumes
of cold fresh water into the sea.

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Greenland's meltwater influences
the course of the ocean currents,

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which in turn has an effect
on the weather around the world.

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The Arctic is closer to home
than many of us realize.

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It includes the northernmost parts
of the three continents

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on which most of us live,
Europe, Asia and North America.

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The first bare land we reach
on our journey south

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is a bleak, treeless wilderness
known as tundra.

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Each spring, animals travel up
from the south

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to be ready for the rich grazing

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that will be unveiled
by the spring melt.

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For the caribou, the timing is critical.

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Arrive early
and a winter storm could kill you.

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Delay too long and you may fail
to lay down the fat needed

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to survive a polar winter.

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Further south still
and stooped, shrouded figures

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end the flat monotony of the tundra.

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This is the tree-line,

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the first place on our journey
with sufficient warmth and liquid water

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to enable a tree to grow.

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Surviving here
is so crushingly difficult

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that it can take hundreds of years
for a seedling

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to grow into a stunted shrub.

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But even small trees
can provide cover for a predator.

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Wolves.

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These in northern Canada

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are the largest
and most powerful in the world

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and they are setting out to hunt.

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The pack is 25 strong,

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a sign that the prey they are seeking
is formidable.

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These bison are even bigger
than their southern cousins

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and the largest land animals
in North America.

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For generations, wolves and bison here

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have been shaped by their battles
with each other,

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making each the most impressive
of its kind.

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The bison will not stay long
among the trees.

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They are not safe here.

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The wolves are closing in,

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but their chance of ambushing the bison
in the woods has passed.

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Their prey are now in the open
and grouped together for safety.

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The wolves will need to work as a team
if they're to make a kill.

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They circle the herd,
trying to unsettle it and split it up.

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But the bison are armed and dangerous,

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they will be safe
as long as they stick together.

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The wolves up their game,
harrying the herd,

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a ploy to trigger a stampede
and split away one of the smaller ones.

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The bison form a defensive circle
around their young,

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- horns pointing outwards.

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The wolves need a bison to break rank.

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But the tables are turning
and now the wolves have to retreat.

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The pack focus their attention
on the rear of the herd

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and the bison begin to panic.

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A young bison falls behind.

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Even this yearling dwarfs the wolves.

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Running head-down,
the herd's only thought is escape.

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A stroke of luck for the wolves.

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The kill will feed the pack
for several days.

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But then they will have to resume
the chase.

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At the frozen ends of our planet,
the struggle for survival never eases.

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South of the tree-line
the winters are shorter,

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so trees grow faster and taller,
and forests begin to appear.

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As the warm, humid air from the south
meets the cold Arctic air,

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the moisture it carries crystallizes,
and snowflakes fall from the sky.

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Each crystal forms around
a particle of dust.

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All have a six-fold symmetry

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but no two have ever been
found with exactly the same shape.

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Their variety and complexity
is breathtaking.

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Each snowflake is water
waiting to be released in spring.

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For this reason, snow is the lifeblood
of these silent forests,

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and all that live here depend on it
in one way or another.

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Some, like the great grey owl,

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appear in spring for the boom times,
then vanish like phantoms.

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Others, like their lemming prey,
are here year-round beneath the snow,

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insulated from the cold air above.

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The northern forests are a crossroads
for seasonal visitors

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and Arctic specialists.

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00:26:41,880 --> 00:26:43,920
But they are so much more than this.

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Together they make up the Taiga,
an unbroken belt of forest

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that stretches 7,000 miles
around our planet

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and contains one-third of all the trees
on Earth.

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The Taiga forest marks the end
of our journey through the Arctic,

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from the frozen ocean
down across the lands that surround it.

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00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:28,240
The other end of our planet,
the Antarctic, is starkly different,

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a frozen continent
completely surrounded by ocean.

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Icebergs here are so large

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that they're measured in miles,
not meters.

244
00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:43,800
They are the only obstacles in the path
of giant waves,

245
00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:47,960
which circle around the continent
unchecked by other lands.

246
00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:08,320
These seas may be cold and storm-racked,
but they're bursting with life.

247
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:42,760
No bird is more at home in water,
and they are masterful surfers.

248
00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:52,360
Penguins are found only
in the Southern Hemisphere.

249
00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:56,800
They can't fly, but they don't need to.

250
00:28:56,920 --> 00:28:59,200
There are no polar bears here.

251
00:29:07,680 --> 00:29:10,000
These are Gentoo penguins.

252
00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:14,760
Each spring they come ashore
to lay their eggs and rear their young.

253
00:29:15,040 --> 00:29:17,520
Their hungry chicks demand
so much seafood

254
00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:20,200
that both parents have to go fishing.

255
00:29:26,160 --> 00:29:28,840
And fishing can be dangerous.

256
00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:46,360
A southern sea lion.

257
00:29:51,320 --> 00:29:55,720
It uses the speed of a breaking wave
to catch up with the Gentoos.

258
00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:12,720
Sea lions normally eat fish,

259
00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:16,000
so he's used to catching
streamlined swimmers.

260
00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:19,760
But the Gentoos seem more than
his match out at sea.

261
00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:21,400
He must change tactics.

262
00:30:26,640 --> 00:30:29,320
Perhaps it will be easier
in the shallows.

263
00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:55,480
But no, it seems penguins
are uncatchable in water.

264
00:31:01,640 --> 00:31:03,640
How about on land?

265
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:08,120
The penguin's wings,
so powerful for swimming,

266
00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:10,480
are of no help when it comes to running.

267
00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:13,680
Now, surely, the sea lion has a chance.

268
00:31:18,680 --> 00:31:22,360
But on the beach,
both are like fish out of water.

269
00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:49,320
Rarely do hunter and hunted
play their roles with so little skill.

270
00:31:49,440 --> 00:31:52,000
The outcome is anyone's guess.

271
00:32:28,040 --> 00:32:33,480
Every summer, over 40 million penguins
take to the Southern Ocean to feed.

272
00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:44,360
They're joined by thousands of whales.
Minkes are the most numerous.

273
00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:51,160
They all come here to
harvest the richest ocean on Earth.

274
00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:56,800
Carrying on south,
we get our first glimpse

275
00:32:56,920 --> 00:32:58,840
of the frozen continent.

276
00:33:13,360 --> 00:33:18,120
Southern humpbacks, after travelling
4,000 miles from the Equator,

277
00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:21,000
are finally arriving in Antarctica.

278
00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:29,920
Humans have long felt the lure
of this mysterious world,

279
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:35,000
yet it was only 100 years ago
that the first explorers walked inland

280
00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:40,800
and were confronted by the highest,
driest and coldest territory on Earth.

281
00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:48,920
Every year the continent is transformed

282
00:33:49,040 --> 00:33:52,720
as the sea-ice that surrounds it
begins to disappear.

283
00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:05,080
This melt halves the size of Antarctica.

284
00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:09,920
It's the most spectacular
seasonal change

285
00:34:10,040 --> 00:34:12,400
occurring anywhere on our planet.

286
00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:20,680
The remnants of the sea-ice
are occupied by sunbathing seals

287
00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:23,280
that have been here all winter.

288
00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:29,600
But new arrivals are
following the retreating ice edge

289
00:34:29,680 --> 00:34:32,400
and they have come here to hunt.

290
00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:42,840
Killer whales, the ocean's top predator.

291
00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:46,000
Killers are like wolves,

292
00:34:46,120 --> 00:34:49,400
for they will hunt animals far larger
than themselves.

293
00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:52,960
But even smaller prey are a problem
if you can't reach them.

294
00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:01,280
The solution is teamwork.

295
00:35:03,680 --> 00:35:07,680
Swimming in perfect formation,
they flick their tails in unison

296
00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:10,840
and create a wave that cracks the ice.

297
00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:21,120
They regroup and assess the damage.

298
00:35:22,160 --> 00:35:24,360
A more powerful wave is needed.

299
00:35:29,640 --> 00:35:32,000
The ice floe is breaking up.

300
00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:37,120
Now they are close enough
to get a good look at their target.

301
00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:41,560
The seal is a crab-eater,
sharp-toothed and feisty.

302
00:35:41,640 --> 00:35:43,080
Not their favorite.

303
00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:51,160
The wolves of the sea move on,
in search of easier quarry.

304
00:35:56,160 --> 00:35:58,360
A Weddell seal. That's better.

305
00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:02,520
These are more docile
and easier to tackle.

306
00:36:05,360 --> 00:36:09,400
The pod stays close together
and travels silently.

307
00:36:11,840 --> 00:36:15,120
This time they unleash
a far more powerful wave

308
00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:17,440
and with astonishing accuracy.

309
00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:27,480
These big waves are not intended
to break the ice,

310
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:31,640
but to knock the prey into the water,
and they rarely fail.

311
00:37:17,320 --> 00:37:19,840
The seal is now
where the killers want it.

312
00:37:21,760 --> 00:37:23,960
But the hunt is far from over.

313
00:37:25,960 --> 00:37:28,280
They need to grab their prey
by the tail,

314
00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:30,760
while avoiding its snapping jaws.

315
00:37:31,480 --> 00:37:34,960
Only then will they be able to
pull it down and drown it.

316
00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:43,400
Sideswipes create violent
underwater turbulence, a new tactic.

317
00:37:51,040 --> 00:37:55,200
Blowing bubbles gives cover
for others to lunge at the seal's tail.

318
00:38:03,560 --> 00:38:07,280
Somehow the seal manages
to reach a tiny ice floe.

319
00:38:12,520 --> 00:38:14,600
The killers could easily grab it,

320
00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:17,480
but now this seems to have become
a game.

321
00:38:19,840 --> 00:38:23,720
The seal's life hangs on
a roll of the ice.

322
00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:38,920
Yet again, the pod joins forces
to dislodge the seal.

323
00:38:57,160 --> 00:39:00,040
The seal sees a chance to escape.

324
00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:08,200
Exhausted, it no longer has the energy
to pull itself to safety

325
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:11,200
and the killers are moving in.

326
00:39:20,080 --> 00:39:21,800
Game over.

327
00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:36,600
Although such team hunts
are rarely seen,

328
00:39:36,680 --> 00:39:40,360
scientists believe they may be
the most complex ever documented

329
00:39:40,480 --> 00:39:42,360
in the natural world.

330
00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:45,440
They were first witnessed
by Captain Scott and his men

331
00:39:45,560 --> 00:39:49,080
when they came to explore Antarctica
100 years ago.

332
00:39:53,080 --> 00:39:54,880
Journeying further south,

333
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:58,760
the fragmenting ice is replaced
by a permanent sheet

334
00:39:58,880 --> 00:40:01,640
that doesn't melt
even at the height of summer.

335
00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:06,400
It's a barrier that
many creatures find impassable.

336
00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:12,000
It repels even powerful Minke whales.

337
00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:13,400
They have to turn back

338
00:40:13,520 --> 00:40:17,120
if they can no longer reach
the air they need to breathe.

339
00:40:24,040 --> 00:40:29,720
Under the ice, life has to be
extremely specialized to survive.

340
00:40:31,640 --> 00:40:36,280
Few of us will ever experience
this strangely still world,

341
00:40:36,840 --> 00:40:40,160
and as yet, no one knows much about it.

342
00:40:45,120 --> 00:40:48,000
The crystalline surface
of the ice stalactites

343
00:40:48,120 --> 00:40:52,960
provides a home for ice-fish,
whose bodies are full of anti-freeze.

344
00:40:57,880 --> 00:41:00,840
The ceiling of ice shields those
living below it

345
00:41:00,960 --> 00:41:04,400
from the violent polar weather
that rages above.

346
00:41:04,920 --> 00:41:08,120
Little here has changed
for millions of years.

347
00:41:11,520 --> 00:41:17,320
The cold allows animals
to grow very slowly and become giants.

348
00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:36,640
A relative of the woodlouse
is the size of a dinner plate.

349
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:43,880
And this so-called sea spider
has legs that span half a meter.

350
00:41:47,640 --> 00:41:50,200
Now explorers are revealing other worlds

351
00:41:50,320 --> 00:41:53,480
that lie hidden beneath the ice
on land.

352
00:41:56,800 --> 00:42:02,040
These smoking towers are the gateway
to a network of caves.

353
00:42:04,640 --> 00:42:08,560
Each contains an extraordinary assembly
of ice crystals

354
00:42:08,640 --> 00:42:10,760
unlike any other on Earth.

355
00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:22,320
Like snowflakes,
every crystal is unique.

356
00:42:24,640 --> 00:42:26,680
Some are taller than a man.

357
00:42:29,760 --> 00:42:31,800
Others are thought to harbor life,

358
00:42:31,920 --> 00:42:36,800
seeded by strange bacteria that thrive
in these extreme conditions.

359
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:41,560
The breeze that
gently sways these crystals

360
00:42:41,640 --> 00:42:43,720
is responsible for making them.

361
00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:47,640
It's steam from the molten heart
of Mount Erebus,

362
00:42:47,760 --> 00:42:50,760
the most southerly
volcano on our planet.

363
00:43:02,480 --> 00:43:06,080
It's now thought that
the ice caves fringing this crater

364
00:43:06,160 --> 00:43:10,120
may even be a home
for hitherto unknown life forms.

365
00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:18,520
From this oasis of warmth
at the edge of the continent,

366
00:43:18,640 --> 00:43:22,120
our journey continues inland
towards the South Pole.

367
00:43:23,440 --> 00:43:28,280
The first great hurdle is the formidable
Transantarctic mountain range.

368
00:43:31,120 --> 00:43:34,520
We are following the route
taken by Scott and Amundsen

369
00:43:34,640 --> 00:43:36,920
as they struggled
to become the first humans

370
00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:38,960
to reach the South Pole.

371
00:43:43,840 --> 00:43:45,840
They were travelling on foot

372
00:43:45,960 --> 00:43:50,360
and their first sight of these mountains
must have been daunting indeed.

373
00:43:50,480 --> 00:43:53,800
In front of them stretched
one of the world's longest ranges,

374
00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:55,800
spanning 2,000 miles

375
00:43:55,920 --> 00:43:58,760
from one side of the continent
to the other.

376
00:44:02,120 --> 00:44:04,720
The winds up here
are the fastest on Earth.

377
00:44:04,840 --> 00:44:07,520
They reach speeds of 200 miles an hour.

378
00:44:11,240 --> 00:44:14,800
An ice-capped mountain
bears the scars of the gales,

379
00:44:15,280 --> 00:44:18,440
bizarre sculptures carved
from solid ice.

380
00:44:29,920 --> 00:44:32,360
It's not only the ice that yields.

381
00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:37,760
This sculptured spire
is a remnant of a mountain,

382
00:44:37,880 --> 00:44:41,480
eroded from all sides
by the ferocious elements.

383
00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:50,200
Beyond, a wholly unexpected landscape,
the Dry Valleys.

384
00:44:56,840 --> 00:45:03,240
Only 1 % of Antarctica is free of ice,
and most of that bare rock is here.

385
00:45:10,760 --> 00:45:13,560
The Dry Valleys are more like
the surface of Mars

386
00:45:13,720 --> 00:45:16,240
than is any other place on Earth.

387
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:28,680
The floor is covered with
extraordinary natural sculptures,

388
00:45:28,800 --> 00:45:33,160
created by the same winds that help
to keep these valleys free of snow.

389
00:45:36,960 --> 00:45:40,840
Over time, entire boulders are
weathered from the inside out,

390
00:45:40,960 --> 00:45:43,480
until just a shell remains.

391
00:45:48,440 --> 00:45:52,560
At the head of these valleys,
the ice is making a break-through.

392
00:45:55,320 --> 00:45:59,920
Millions of tons are tumbling
in slow motion into the valley.

393
00:46:11,640 --> 00:46:15,600
These ice blocks
are the size of skyscrapers.

394
00:46:22,440 --> 00:46:25,520
And this is the Beardmore Glacier,

395
00:46:25,760 --> 00:46:29,800
which Scott and his men
somehow traversed on foot.

396
00:46:33,320 --> 00:46:35,640
It's over 100 miles long

397
00:46:35,760 --> 00:46:38,560
and one of the largest glaciers
on Earth.

398
00:46:43,920 --> 00:46:47,440
But nothing could have prepared
those early explorers

399
00:46:47,560 --> 00:46:50,200
for what they were about to encounter.

400
00:46:56,480 --> 00:46:58,560
The Antarctic ice cap,

401
00:46:58,680 --> 00:47:01,720
the largest expanse of ice
on the planet.

402
00:47:03,080 --> 00:47:05,360
It's three miles thick in places

403
00:47:05,480 --> 00:47:09,840
and imprisons 70%
of the world's fresh water.

404
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:19,320
From here to the South Pole 700 miles
away, there is nothing but ice.

405
00:47:31,160 --> 00:47:34,960
I'm at the South Pole
at the end of my journey.

406
00:47:35,600 --> 00:47:37,720
Although it's mid-summer,

407
00:47:38,400 --> 00:47:43,560
the temperature here is a bone-chilling
35 degrees below freezing.

408
00:47:43,920 --> 00:47:47,760
It's exactly 100 years,
almost to the day,

409
00:47:47,880 --> 00:47:50,880
that the first human beings
stood right here,

410
00:47:51,480 --> 00:47:53,760
Amundsen followed by Scott.

411
00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:57,800
In those days, reaching the poles

412
00:47:57,920 --> 00:48:02,960
was regarded as the ultimate
in human endeavor and endurance,

413
00:48:03,080 --> 00:48:05,680
and a source of great national pride.

414
00:48:06,720 --> 00:48:11,160
Today the polar regions
have a rather different significance.

415
00:48:11,840 --> 00:48:17,280
Because now we've come to understand
that what happens here and in the north

416
00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:23,320
affects every one of us,
no matter where we live on this planet.

417
00:48:52,680 --> 00:48:55,400
The greatest challenge for
the team making Frozen Planet

418
00:48:55,520 --> 00:48:58,480
was the extreme remoteness
of their locations.

419
00:48:59,280 --> 00:49:01,480
Many of the shoots
lasted months at a time,

420
00:49:01,600 --> 00:49:04,640
and needed a number of crews
to join forces.

421
00:49:07,680 --> 00:49:10,600
One location that would require
such siege tactics

422
00:49:10,720 --> 00:49:14,160
was Mount Erebus,
Antarctica's most active volcano.

423
00:49:15,640 --> 00:49:19,240
This magical mountain
does not give up her secrets easily.

424
00:49:25,640 --> 00:49:27,720
To capture the full story
of Mount Erebus

425
00:49:27,840 --> 00:49:31,280
from top to bottom
required four different film crews.

426
00:49:34,520 --> 00:49:38,720
The cave team is dropped off
at 12,000 feet, close to the crater.

427
00:49:43,040 --> 00:49:45,240
In howling winds and thin oxygen,

428
00:49:45,360 --> 00:49:48,840
their challenge is to find a way
into the volcano itself.

429
00:49:50,600 --> 00:49:52,440
They are venturing into the unknown.

430
00:49:53,840 --> 00:49:56,800
Somewhere below
are spectacular ice caves,

431
00:49:56,920 --> 00:49:59,080
melted out by volcanic steam.

432
00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:01,720
Getting the team safely underground

433
00:50:01,840 --> 00:50:04,400
is a relief for director
Chadden Hunter.

434
00:50:04,520 --> 00:50:06,440
Excellent, it's a lot warmer down here.

435
00:50:06,560 --> 00:50:09,320
- It's freezing up there.
- Minus 29.

436
00:50:09,440 --> 00:50:12,000
With him
is cameraman Gavin Thurston.

437
00:50:12,120 --> 00:50:16,360
You sort of forget being in here,
you are actually inside a volcano.

438
00:50:17,440 --> 00:50:20,840
You know, above us there's...
and below us, there's bubbling lava.

439
00:50:20,960 --> 00:50:22,920
And you've got all these gases
seeping up through here,

440
00:50:23,040 --> 00:50:24,720
which is how these caves are made,

441
00:50:24,840 --> 00:50:27,120
so there's also increased
carbon dioxide in here.

442
00:50:28,360 --> 00:50:30,160
As the cave team head deeper,

443
00:50:30,280 --> 00:50:33,120
dangerous volcanic gases
make breathing difficult.

444
00:50:33,240 --> 00:50:35,520
- The clock is ticking.

445
00:50:35,680 --> 00:50:39,080
They will not have long
to find the caves of crystals.

446
00:50:41,480 --> 00:50:45,680
Above ground, the aerial team
is pushing for the summit of Erebus.

447
00:50:47,040 --> 00:50:50,920
Series producer Vanessa Berlowitz
directs from the front seat,

448
00:50:51,160 --> 00:50:53,320
while aerial cameraman Michael Kelem

449
00:50:53,440 --> 00:50:55,960
controls the camera
attached to the nose.

450
00:50:56,080 --> 00:50:57,720
We're going to be around 14,000 feet,

451
00:50:57,840 --> 00:50:59,680
we're going to be on the
performance limits of this aircraft.

452
00:51:00,040 --> 00:51:03,040
Any bad weather comes in up there,

453
00:51:03,160 --> 00:51:07,080
and you're pretty much screwed, really,
you've got to get off the mountain fast.

454
00:51:07,320 --> 00:51:10,480
Above 10,000 feet,
the pilot must breathe oxygen

455
00:51:10,600 --> 00:51:12,920
-through a plastic tube in his nostrils.
- Yeah, that's fine.

456
00:51:14,080 --> 00:51:17,120
Approaching the crater,
conditions do not look good.

457
00:51:17,240 --> 00:51:20,000
Today Erebus is belching out
steam and gases,

458
00:51:20,120 --> 00:51:22,400
making flying extremely risky.

459
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:24,880
Up here, the air is so thin,

460
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:28,040
the helicopter can't hover
and must keep moving.

461
00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:32,320
This is aerial filming
at its most extreme.

462
00:51:34,160 --> 00:51:36,560
They struggle to get a clear view.

463
00:51:39,320 --> 00:51:41,840
We're just coming up to 14,000 feet,

464
00:51:41,960 --> 00:51:43,640
you can actually look
right into the lava lake.

465
00:51:47,040 --> 00:51:49,480
Oh, that's looking
really good, Mike, just hold that there.

466
00:51:49,880 --> 00:51:53,040
The cameraman captures
a rare shot of the molten lava,

467
00:51:53,160 --> 00:51:55,280
but it's soon obscured again.

468
00:51:59,240 --> 00:52:00,920
The volcano is temperamental.

469
00:52:01,040 --> 00:52:05,280
The team have seized a rare opportunity
to see into its molten heart,

470
00:52:05,800 --> 00:52:08,280
but now they must descend to safety.

471
00:52:10,640 --> 00:52:15,120
As the weather closes in above,
the cave team are making progress below.

472
00:52:22,480 --> 00:52:26,240
It's Christmas Day, and the crew
are dressed for the occasion.

473
00:52:29,320 --> 00:52:31,000
Just watch
my back on these icicles.

474
00:52:31,120 --> 00:52:33,640
- I don't want to snap that top one off.
- No problem.

475
00:52:33,760 --> 00:52:34,800
Oh!

476
00:52:35,520 --> 00:52:38,600
Right. How strong
are these pillars of ice, Matt?

477
00:52:40,000 --> 00:52:41,560
How big around is it?

478
00:52:41,680 --> 00:52:44,520
- It's about that round, about five...
- Really strong.

479
00:52:44,640 --> 00:52:47,680
So, if I squeeze past,
it's not going to snap it.

480
00:52:48,280 --> 00:52:52,120
Gavin is reassured
by advice from the scientist.

481
00:52:55,880 --> 00:52:58,800
--Oh, Gavin!

482
00:53:00,440 --> 00:53:02,000
I'm sorry.

483
00:53:02,960 --> 00:53:07,240
That's terrible. Oh, look, look.
It fits perfectly, look. Look at that.

484
00:53:10,520 --> 00:53:13,640
Fortunately,
these crystals are made of frozen water

485
00:53:13,760 --> 00:53:15,800
and can grow back in weeks.

486
00:53:16,400 --> 00:53:19,160
You've got these beautiful,
clear, glass-like pillars,

487
00:53:19,520 --> 00:53:21,280
and right next to it,
this really delicate...

488
00:53:21,400 --> 00:53:23,920
Look how thin that filament is there.

489
00:53:27,320 --> 00:53:29,200
As the cave team
explore deeper,

490
00:53:29,320 --> 00:53:31,600
each chamber reveals ice crystals

491
00:53:31,720 --> 00:53:34,520
more strange
and spectacular than the last.

492
00:53:38,720 --> 00:53:42,120
No one on the team imagined
a single Antarctic mountain

493
00:53:42,240 --> 00:53:44,480
could house so many wonders.

494
00:53:48,480 --> 00:53:52,200
Down at the foot of Mount Erebus,
a third crew, the dive team,

495
00:53:52,320 --> 00:53:54,920
plan to explore
the volcano's lower slopes,

496
00:53:55,040 --> 00:53:57,800
which extend beneath the frozen sea.

497
00:53:58,440 --> 00:54:01,440
On board is underwater cameraman
Hugh Miller.

498
00:54:01,680 --> 00:54:04,280
The problem is we don't actually know
what's under the ice here.

499
00:54:04,760 --> 00:54:07,360
So who knows?
It's a bit of an adventure.

500
00:54:08,880 --> 00:54:10,920
Old-fashioned tools
still work best.

501
00:54:11,040 --> 00:54:13,760
First, a hand chisel
to create an opening,

502
00:54:13,880 --> 00:54:16,400
then a saw to widen the hole.

503
00:54:18,600 --> 00:54:20,960
Ice-diving in the coldest waters
on the planet

504
00:54:21,080 --> 00:54:23,240
should be taken extremely seriously.

505
00:54:23,800 --> 00:54:26,240
This dive's going to be a lot of things

506
00:54:26,560 --> 00:54:28,960
and warm is not on that list.

507
00:54:29,560 --> 00:54:31,600
Insulated suits
will keep them alive

508
00:54:31,720 --> 00:54:33,680
under the ice for only 60 minutes.

509
00:54:35,200 --> 00:54:38,720
Once the helicopter departs,
there's no margin for error.

510
00:54:43,160 --> 00:54:46,560
The dive team begin to explore
the lower slopes of Erebus,

511
00:54:46,680 --> 00:54:49,960
discovering a hidden world
rarely seen by humans.

512
00:54:52,880 --> 00:54:56,160
Patrolling the icy shores
of the volcano are killer whales,

513
00:54:56,280 --> 00:54:58,400
the most southerly in the world.

514
00:54:59,880 --> 00:55:02,680
Tracking them from above
is the Orca team.

515
00:55:05,960 --> 00:55:08,280
They need a helicopter
to get ahead of the whales

516
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:11,080
and to land them on the fragile sea-ice.

517
00:55:13,440 --> 00:55:16,760
Cameraman Jamie McPherson
must pick his spot carefully.

518
00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:18,760
His aim is to get the cameras

519
00:55:18,880 --> 00:55:23,000
as close to the killer whales
as possible without disturbing them.

520
00:55:26,160 --> 00:55:29,720
He uses a film camera
to capture the action in slow motion.

521
00:55:37,400 --> 00:55:39,680
And orcas come right by him!

522
00:55:42,080 --> 00:55:43,800
Even in the extreme cold,

523
00:55:43,920 --> 00:55:46,960
a film camera proves to be
rugged and reliable,

524
00:55:47,720 --> 00:55:50,480
provided there's enough film
in the camera.

525
00:55:53,040 --> 00:55:55,040
- End of the roll.
- No!

526
00:55:57,600 --> 00:55:59,880
I got him coming out,
I just didn't get him going back in.

527
00:56:08,520 --> 00:56:09,760
Below the sea-ice,

528
00:56:09,880 --> 00:56:13,040
the dive team is setting up
an underwater studio.

529
00:56:13,160 --> 00:56:16,520
Using a range of waterproof lights
and time-lapse cameras,

530
00:56:16,640 --> 00:56:21,080
they hope to capture the growth
of bizarre underwater ice formations.

531
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:30,160
Over the coming weeks,

532
00:56:30,280 --> 00:56:33,680
the dive team would go
below the ice over 100 times

533
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:36,040
to film the extraordinary secret world

534
00:56:36,160 --> 00:56:38,840
on the lower flanks of Mount Erebus.

535
00:56:40,520 --> 00:56:44,080
On top of the ice,
the Orca team has repositioned.

536
00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:47,400
Their new goal is to get
underwater shots of the whales.

537
00:56:48,560 --> 00:56:51,120
They don't dare
to get in the water with Orcas,

538
00:56:51,280 --> 00:56:54,320
attaching a camera to a pole
is a safer option,

539
00:56:54,520 --> 00:56:56,720
provided the whales
aren't put off by it.

540
00:57:01,960 --> 00:57:05,520
No one is prepared
for what happens next.

541
00:57:06,280 --> 00:57:08,560
Tell Scotty what you just saw.

542
00:57:08,680 --> 00:57:10,400
Hello!

543
00:57:11,960 --> 00:57:13,920
The entire pod arrives.

544
00:57:33,360 --> 00:57:36,200
Eyeball to eyeball,
this is about as close

545
00:57:36,320 --> 00:57:39,120
to killer whales
as it's possible to get.

546
00:57:39,240 --> 00:57:43,040
By using multiple crews and cameras,
the Frozen Planet team

547
00:57:43,160 --> 00:57:45,960
have been able to capture
the full Erebus story,

548
00:57:46,080 --> 00:57:47,880
from the fire at its crater

549
00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:51,160
down to the whales
that patrol its frozen shores.

550
00:57:53,280 --> 00:57:56,800
It's quite a privilege
to feel whale breath on your face.

551
00:58:02,025 --> 00:58:07,925
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