1 00:00:02,260 --> 00:00:04,260 Nearly 600 years ago, 2 00:00:04,300 --> 00:00:09,460 England was torn apart by a series of bloody battles for the throne. 3 00:00:12,060 --> 00:00:16,580 In just 30 years, the crown changed hands seven times. 4 00:00:17,620 --> 00:00:20,860 Tens of thousands were slaughtered. 5 00:00:22,940 --> 00:00:27,420 It was one of the most turbulent and violent periods in British history. 6 00:00:29,260 --> 00:00:32,580 It's known as the Wars Of The Roses. 7 00:00:33,700 --> 00:00:40,020 In 1461, six years after The Wars Of The Roses erupted, the imbecilic Henry VI - 8 00:00:40,060 --> 00:00:43,260 pretty much the weakest king England had ever known - 9 00:00:43,300 --> 00:00:48,220 had his throne snatched away by a young and charismatic Edward IV. 10 00:00:49,300 --> 00:00:53,020 The man who put him there was one of England's most powerful barons: 11 00:00:53,060 --> 00:00:55,460 Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. 12 00:00:55,500 --> 00:00:59,420 The story goes that Warwick the Kingmaker turned bad, 13 00:00:59,460 --> 00:01:05,100 plunging the country into anarchy and Edward had to destroy his mentor. 14 00:01:09,980 --> 00:01:12,060 I'm going to show you that the truth is 15 00:01:12,100 --> 00:01:14,500 the seeds of Warwick's destruction were sown 16 00:01:14,540 --> 00:01:16,740 from the day Edward became king. 17 00:01:16,780 --> 00:01:20,500 All the same, it took Edward seven long years 18 00:01:20,540 --> 00:01:22,860 to learn the hardest lesson of kingship. 19 00:01:22,900 --> 00:01:27,380 That, to save his country, a good king must do bad things 20 00:01:27,420 --> 00:01:31,140 and, to be a great king, the Kingmaker must die. 21 00:02:09,300 --> 00:02:11,940 In the frozen bog of a Yorkshire field... 22 00:02:11,980 --> 00:02:15,220 ...the bloodiest battle ever fought on British soil... 23 00:02:15,260 --> 00:02:17,460 ..is finally ended. 24 00:02:22,220 --> 00:02:26,340 Edward Earl of March has gambled that he can snatch the crown 25 00:02:26,380 --> 00:02:31,740 from the useless Henry VI and his scheming wife Margaret of Anjou. 26 00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:36,180 And in this battle, he has succeeded big time. 27 00:02:36,220 --> 00:02:39,900 The King and Queen's forces have been wiped out. 28 00:02:41,700 --> 00:02:45,980 The incompetent King Henry VI is forced to flee to Scotland 29 00:02:46,020 --> 00:02:47,820 with his wife and son. 30 00:02:47,860 --> 00:02:50,780 This is total victory for Edward. 31 00:02:53,740 --> 00:02:56,740 This is the battlefield where Edward triumphs. 32 00:02:58,060 --> 00:03:01,940 Just outside the village of Towton, south of York. 33 00:03:01,980 --> 00:03:06,060 Perhaps 60,000 men lined up in this field 34 00:03:06,100 --> 00:03:07,700 and contemporaries estimate 35 00:03:07,740 --> 00:03:12,260 that 28,000 of them were slaughtered in just ten hours. 36 00:03:13,820 --> 00:03:18,420 That's pretty much half the troops who took to the field that morning. 37 00:03:18,460 --> 00:03:21,460 The soil is saturated with their blood. 38 00:03:22,580 --> 00:03:27,860 Henry VI may still be alive, but the throne of England is now Edward's. 39 00:03:28,980 --> 00:03:32,900 Standing alongside him is the man who, more than anyone else, 40 00:03:32,940 --> 00:03:38,700 made it all happen: Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, the Kingmaker. 41 00:03:43,980 --> 00:03:45,980 Long live the King! 42 00:03:46,020 --> 00:03:48,020 Long live the King! 43 00:03:50,180 --> 00:03:54,260 Vigorous, ambitious and just 18 years old... 44 00:03:55,300 --> 00:03:57,300 Let us give thanks to God. 45 00:03:58,860 --> 00:04:02,060 Edward, Earl of March is now Edward IV, 46 00:04:02,100 --> 00:04:05,100 the 12 Plantagenet King of England. 47 00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:11,620 Arise! 48 00:04:13,020 --> 00:04:18,180 But Edward's inherited a country that's been torn apart by blood feuds. 49 00:04:19,660 --> 00:04:23,660 It's just three months since the same soldiers Edward's just defeated 50 00:04:23,700 --> 00:04:26,700 killed his father the Duke Of York. 51 00:04:30,340 --> 00:04:32,340 To secure his position as King, 52 00:04:32,380 --> 00:04:35,500 Edward needs to end the cycle of violence. 53 00:04:36,980 --> 00:04:39,980 It's a mighty challenge for any leader. 54 00:04:41,220 --> 00:04:43,820 The man who's going to help him pull it off 55 00:04:43,860 --> 00:04:47,180 is his closest ally, Warwick. 56 00:04:52,700 --> 00:04:54,700 England is a hotbed of unrest. 57 00:04:54,740 --> 00:04:57,740 To stabilise it, one of Edward's first jobs 58 00:04:57,780 --> 00:05:01,340 is to snuff out trouble in the violent north. 59 00:05:01,380 --> 00:05:04,460 And, of course, Warwick goes willingly to do it. 60 00:05:08,900 --> 00:05:11,700 This is Bamburgh Castle in Northumberland, 61 00:05:11,740 --> 00:05:16,500 the freezing, rainswept northern powerbase of Sir Ralph Percy, 62 00:05:16,540 --> 00:05:22,380 leading troublemaker and a staunch supporter of Henry VI and Queen Margaret. 63 00:05:23,500 --> 00:05:28,140 The dangerous Queen is in exile just across the Scottish border, 64 00:05:28,180 --> 00:05:30,300 barely 20 miles from Percy. 65 00:05:31,340 --> 00:05:34,740 Edward needs to make sure that she won't be welcomed back 66 00:05:34,780 --> 00:05:36,780 if she tries to take revenge on him. 67 00:05:38,980 --> 00:05:44,820 So, on Christmas Eve 1462, after a siege lasting less than a month, 68 00:05:44,860 --> 00:05:48,740 Warwick burst into this castle and takes Percy prisoner. 69 00:05:50,500 --> 00:05:52,700 While Edward was fighting for the throne, 70 00:05:52,740 --> 00:05:56,060 Percy sided decisively with Margaret and Henry VI. 71 00:05:56,100 --> 00:05:59,260 That's now treason and Percy should die. 72 00:05:59,300 --> 00:06:03,380 Instead, Edward offers him an extraordinary choice. 73 00:06:07,020 --> 00:06:09,100 He could have his head chopped off 74 00:06:09,140 --> 00:06:13,980 or, alternatively, he could come on side to Edward's cause 75 00:06:14,020 --> 00:06:19,140 and keep his castles, his land and, of course, his life. 76 00:06:19,180 --> 00:06:22,420 Decapitation or a life of luxury? 77 00:06:22,460 --> 00:06:25,300 It's not the toughest decision he's ever made. 78 00:06:27,020 --> 00:06:31,540 And this is Edward's big plan to secure his rule. 79 00:06:31,580 --> 00:06:34,340 Turn his enemies into allies. 80 00:06:34,380 --> 00:06:39,260 Build a broad alliance to bridge the fractured politics of England. 81 00:06:40,300 --> 00:06:42,300 And it seems to work. 82 00:06:43,420 --> 00:06:47,780 For the first time in more than six years, the country calms down... 83 00:06:48,820 --> 00:06:51,460 ...and Edward settles into the role of King. 84 00:06:55,540 --> 00:07:00,700 One man more than any other is responsible for Edward's success. 85 00:07:00,740 --> 00:07:03,540 Warwick's been the young King's mentor 86 00:07:03,580 --> 00:07:06,420 since long before Edward's father died. 87 00:07:06,460 --> 00:07:08,460 He's the go-to guy. 88 00:07:08,500 --> 00:07:13,100 The man who gets things done for the King and he knows it. 89 00:07:13,140 --> 00:07:16,500 Warwick truly is the Kingmaker. 90 00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:21,060 Edward's right-hand man and he wants it to stay that way. 91 00:07:31,300 --> 00:07:34,700 Three years into his rein, things are looking up for Edward. 92 00:07:34,740 --> 00:07:37,580 He's getting the country's nobility on side 93 00:07:37,620 --> 00:07:40,620 and money's started trickling in to a treasury 94 00:07:40,660 --> 00:07:42,660 that was bankrupt under Henry. 95 00:07:42,700 --> 00:07:45,740 There's just one more thing on his to-do list: 96 00:07:45,780 --> 00:07:47,980 find himself a wife. 97 00:07:50,740 --> 00:07:53,780 And it's not just about producing an heir to the throne. 98 00:07:57,300 --> 00:08:01,300 A well chosen royal marriage could cement foreign alliances, 99 00:08:01,340 --> 00:08:04,580 boost trade, even increase military strength. 100 00:08:04,620 --> 00:08:06,340 Your Grace... 101 00:08:07,900 --> 00:08:11,740 Or, with a bit of luck, all three at once. 102 00:08:16,820 --> 00:08:19,580 As the King's right-hand man, Warwick believes 103 00:08:19,620 --> 00:08:23,340 there's only one man capable of picking a winning bride for Edward. 104 00:08:24,380 --> 00:08:26,380 Him. My pardon, Your Grace. 105 00:08:26,420 --> 00:08:28,700 Might I take my leave, Your Grace, 106 00:08:28,740 --> 00:08:31,580 for the affairs of state of which we spoke? 107 00:08:48,100 --> 00:08:50,340 I'm most pleased to find you well, sir. 108 00:08:51,620 --> 00:08:53,620 Please. 109 00:08:53,660 --> 00:08:56,620 In March 1464, with Edward's blessing, 110 00:08:56,660 --> 00:09:00,220 Warwick meets envoys from King Louis XI of France 111 00:09:00,260 --> 00:09:05,140 to arrange the King's marriage to the French Princess Bona of Savoy. 112 00:09:08,580 --> 00:09:12,260 This union could stamp out the never-ending conflicts 113 00:09:12,300 --> 00:09:14,900 with England's deadliest enemy: France. 114 00:09:15,980 --> 00:09:19,220 It is of much detail, but I pray of order. 115 00:09:22,500 --> 00:09:24,500 Over the course of several weeks, 116 00:09:24,540 --> 00:09:28,820 he successful brokers a deal for the King to marry the French Princess. 117 00:09:30,780 --> 00:09:33,780 Warwick is clearly a man in charge. 118 00:09:36,180 --> 00:09:40,060 Hm. To the extent that one French dignitary later jokes 119 00:09:40,100 --> 00:09:42,100 that the English have two rulers: 120 00:09:42,140 --> 00:09:46,060 'Warwick and another whose name I've forgotten.' 121 00:09:47,140 --> 00:09:49,660 That sort of thing can go to a man's head. 122 00:09:52,380 --> 00:09:54,820 Warwick is the power behind the throne. 123 00:09:54,860 --> 00:09:56,860 He's made Edward king. 124 00:09:56,900 --> 00:10:00,100 Now he's organised the future of the royal dynasty too. 125 00:10:03,500 --> 00:10:08,060 In September 1464, Warwick arrives at Reading Abbey 126 00:10:08,100 --> 00:10:10,420 with England's other senior nobles 127 00:10:10,460 --> 00:10:13,100 to confirm marriage arrangements for Edward. 128 00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:22,620 And he gets to announce it to the adulation of the realm's great and good. 129 00:10:22,660 --> 00:10:25,140 What could possibly go wrong? 130 00:10:26,260 --> 00:10:30,140 Before Warwick or indeed any of the other nobles has a chance to speak, 131 00:10:30,180 --> 00:10:33,500 Edward stands up to make an announcement of his own. 132 00:10:34,940 --> 00:10:37,540 My Lords. 133 00:10:38,620 --> 00:10:40,820 I have glad tidings for you. 134 00:10:42,460 --> 00:10:44,460 He's already married. 135 00:10:45,500 --> 00:10:49,220 In fact, he got married almost five months ago, 136 00:10:49,260 --> 00:10:52,580 while Warwick was still negotiating with the French. 137 00:10:52,620 --> 00:10:58,900 My consort is a lady of great virtue, wit and beauty. 138 00:10:59,980 --> 00:11:01,980 The Lady Elizabeth Woodville. 139 00:11:03,380 --> 00:11:07,460 Worse. Instead of a valuable foreign princess, 140 00:11:07,500 --> 00:11:10,380 he's chosen one of his own subjects. 141 00:11:10,420 --> 00:11:14,900 And she's been married before. It's unheard of. 142 00:11:15,980 --> 00:11:20,780 The King has made a total fool of Warwick and everybody knows it. 143 00:12:00,340 --> 00:12:04,020 After the coronation ceremony, Edward celebrates 144 00:12:04,060 --> 00:12:07,540 and lays on a spectacular feast for his new Queen. 145 00:12:11,820 --> 00:12:14,220 Edward may be pleased with his new bride. 146 00:12:16,860 --> 00:12:20,060 But in the eyes of Warwick and many of the other nobles, 147 00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:23,620 Queen Elizabeth's family is basically the enemy 148 00:12:23,660 --> 00:12:29,780 because her father, Sir Richard Woodville, fought against Edward at Towton. 149 00:12:30,780 --> 00:12:34,340 Warwick feels so betrayed he doesn't even make an appearance. 150 00:12:41,140 --> 00:12:44,180 But even if the Woodvilles were whiter than white, 151 00:12:44,220 --> 00:12:46,220 most of the nobility would find 152 00:12:46,260 --> 00:12:50,340 their elevation to the top of society pretty hard to swallow. 153 00:12:53,300 --> 00:12:57,780 Elizabeth may be extraordinarily beautiful, but she's a widow. 154 00:12:57,820 --> 00:13:00,020 She already has two children 155 00:13:00,060 --> 00:13:05,740 and she comes from a large family of extremely ambitious but very minor nobles. 156 00:13:07,020 --> 00:13:12,140 Edward IV, King of England, has basically married a chav. 157 00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:19,740 Elizabeth brings along her whole family to celebrate. 158 00:13:19,780 --> 00:13:22,620 That's two sons, three brothers, six sisters, 159 00:13:22,660 --> 00:13:25,780 her mum and dad and her extended family. 160 00:13:25,820 --> 00:13:29,620 This looks less like a celebration for Edward and his new Queen. 161 00:13:29,660 --> 00:13:32,140 More like a pitch invasion by the Woodvilles. 162 00:13:33,380 --> 00:13:37,060 Most of the senior nobility are pretty unhappy 163 00:13:37,100 --> 00:13:41,020 about what they see as a huge bunch of low-ranking opportunists 164 00:13:41,060 --> 00:13:43,940 muscling in on the well-established order. 165 00:13:51,340 --> 00:13:53,340 And they're right to be concerned. 166 00:13:53,380 --> 00:13:59,420 Edward's already planning to start forcibly marrying the Woodvilles into the old aristocracy. 167 00:13:59,460 --> 00:14:06,940 Elizabeth's 20-year-old brother John will end up married to the 65-year-old Countess of Oxford. 168 00:14:11,460 --> 00:14:13,900 It's all very unsavoury. 169 00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:20,700 So what was Edward thinking by marrying Elizabeth? 170 00:14:20,740 --> 00:14:22,620 He knew it would enrage Warwick, 171 00:14:22,660 --> 00:14:25,220 which is why he kept it secret for so long. 172 00:14:28,300 --> 00:14:32,460 Rumours spread that Edward's fallen for the oldest trick in the book. 173 00:14:33,660 --> 00:14:37,380 That the beautiful Elizabeth simply played hard to get. 174 00:14:38,420 --> 00:14:41,820 Apparently, marriage was the only way he could bed her. 175 00:14:47,740 --> 00:14:51,820 Elizabeth's certainly the kind of person who'd have played that card. 176 00:14:51,860 --> 00:14:54,300 She's smart, beautiful, 177 00:14:54,340 --> 00:14:58,740 ruthlessly loyal to her own family and extremely ambitious. 178 00:15:01,580 --> 00:15:03,860 Incredibly, it looks as though 179 00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:07,100 the strong-willed Edward IV has married for love, 180 00:15:07,140 --> 00:15:09,340 or at least for lust. 181 00:15:09,380 --> 00:15:11,820 And that's pretty easy for people to believe. 182 00:15:12,860 --> 00:15:15,940 Edward has a fabulously well-deserved reputation 183 00:15:15,980 --> 00:15:18,380 for being led by his loins. 184 00:15:20,500 --> 00:15:22,700 But I think there's more to it than that. 185 00:15:22,740 --> 00:15:25,300 The marriage fits perfectly 186 00:15:25,340 --> 00:15:28,820 with Edward's plan of reaching out to his former enemies, 187 00:15:28,860 --> 00:15:31,460 starting with the Woodvilles. 188 00:15:31,500 --> 00:15:34,660 He's prepared to give them the benefit of the doubt. 189 00:15:34,700 --> 00:15:36,460 As far as Edward's concerned, 190 00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:39,060 they just backed the wrong horse at 191 00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:49,420 And, in July 1465, three months after Elizabeth's coronation, 192 00:15:49,460 --> 00:15:52,260 Edward receives a late wedding present... 193 00:15:55,300 --> 00:15:57,500 ...Henry VI. 194 00:16:01,460 --> 00:16:07,260 He's left exile in Scotland and been caught skulking around in the north of England. 195 00:16:10,500 --> 00:16:14,540 Edward has him locked up here at the Tower of London 196 00:16:14,580 --> 00:16:17,180 but, instead of having him executed, 197 00:16:17,220 --> 00:16:21,820 Edward maintains his policy of reaching out to his former enemies. 198 00:16:21,860 --> 00:16:24,340 So he orders that Henry's well treated. 199 00:16:24,380 --> 00:16:26,860 He's put up in the royal apartments. 200 00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:28,900 He's given good food and wine. 201 00:16:28,940 --> 00:16:30,940 He's even allowed visitors. 202 00:16:34,940 --> 00:16:38,260 Things seem to be going incredibly well for Edward... 203 00:16:39,940 --> 00:16:42,260 ...but he knows he snubbed Warwick. 204 00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:47,140 The King goes all out to make it up to him. 205 00:16:51,700 --> 00:16:54,180 He gives him the Castle of Cockermouth, 206 00:16:54,220 --> 00:16:57,300 the hereditary office of Sheriff of Westmoreland, 207 00:16:57,340 --> 00:17:00,460 custody of all the Royal Forests north of the Trent. 208 00:17:00,500 --> 00:17:04,660 And profits of all the royal gold and silver mines in the same region, 209 00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:08,380 wardship of the lands of the wealthy peer Lord Lovell 210 00:17:08,420 --> 00:17:13,020 and control of England's most imposing castle: Dover. 211 00:17:18,300 --> 00:17:21,700 But Warwick already has money and land. 212 00:17:21,740 --> 00:17:27,460 What he wants, what he needs is to be Edward's indispensible right-hand man. 213 00:17:27,500 --> 00:17:29,820 Just as he's always been. 214 00:17:29,860 --> 00:17:33,460 That's the one thing Edward can't give him. 215 00:17:36,380 --> 00:17:39,620 Warwick was the perfect ally for snatching the crown. 216 00:17:39,660 --> 00:17:41,660 Ruthless and bold. 217 00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:43,700 But that's in the past. 218 00:17:43,740 --> 00:17:47,220 What England needs now is stability, not war 219 00:17:47,260 --> 00:17:49,740 and that's why, from Edward's point of view, 220 00:17:49,780 --> 00:17:51,580 the Woodvilles are the future. 221 00:17:51,620 --> 00:17:54,020 They're an essential part of his plan 222 00:17:54,060 --> 00:17:57,900 for spreading royal influence into the rest of the nobility. 223 00:17:57,940 --> 00:18:00,380 But, from Warwick's point of view, 224 00:18:00,420 --> 00:18:05,580 well, he's the only one who should be able to exert that kind of influence over the reign. 225 00:18:06,620 --> 00:18:10,620 Edward can have Warwick or he can have the Woodvilles. 226 00:18:10,660 --> 00:18:12,260 He can't have both. 227 00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:18,180 Squaring that circle will dog the next five years of Edward's reign. 228 00:18:21,020 --> 00:18:26,460 In 1467, Edward sends Warwick to see his French allies. 229 00:18:26,500 --> 00:18:30,620 Both Warwick and the French King Louis XI believe 230 00:18:30,660 --> 00:18:35,300 they are negotiating a lucrative new trade deal between the two countries. 231 00:18:36,340 --> 00:18:38,340 They're not. 232 00:18:38,380 --> 00:18:41,100 Edward just wants Warwick out of the way... 233 00:18:41,140 --> 00:18:44,380 I pray you are well, My Lord. Thank you. 234 00:18:44,420 --> 00:18:47,700 ...because he's about to humiliate him utterly. 235 00:19:02,620 --> 00:19:05,340 With Warwick out of the way, 236 00:19:05,380 --> 00:19:08,860 Edward organises a massive tournament at Smithfield, 237 00:19:08,900 --> 00:19:11,740 just outside London's city walls. 238 00:19:14,260 --> 00:19:15,900 Ooh! 239 00:19:19,260 --> 00:19:21,260 It has one purpose. 240 00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:25,540 To ally England with the Burgundians - the Woodvilles' favourites. 241 00:19:26,580 --> 00:19:32,340 Unfortunately, they just happen to be the mortal enemies of Warwick's pals the French. 242 00:19:37,900 --> 00:19:39,900 Enough, my Lords! 243 00:19:39,940 --> 00:19:41,940 Enough. 244 00:19:43,300 --> 00:19:47,340 Pride of place goes to the Queen's brother Anthony Woodville. 245 00:19:51,860 --> 00:19:54,460 Argh! 246 00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:56,700 He's been fighting the guest of honour, 247 00:19:56,740 --> 00:20:00,620 the son of the Duke of Burgundy in the tournament show fight. 248 00:20:07,140 --> 00:20:09,060 Putting a Burgundian in the show fight 249 00:20:09,100 --> 00:20:11,700 is the most public possible advertisement 250 00:20:11,740 --> 00:20:14,660 that Edward doesn't give a damn about the French. 251 00:20:16,740 --> 00:20:19,100 When the French discover that 252 00:20:19,140 --> 00:20:22,020 the English king is in bed with the hated Burgundians, 253 00:20:22,060 --> 00:20:26,340 they will know that Warwick has become utterly irrelevant. 254 00:20:29,020 --> 00:20:31,660 My King would most solemnly accept these terms. 255 00:20:33,740 --> 00:20:36,740 Many thanks. My Lord... 256 00:20:38,820 --> 00:20:41,340 Edward has clearly made his choice. 257 00:20:42,380 --> 00:20:45,260 He's chosen the Woodvilles over Warwick. 258 00:20:49,380 --> 00:20:52,820 Warwick's supposed to be the King's 259 00:20:52,860 --> 00:20:56,540 Edward has made him look a fool again. 260 00:21:02,100 --> 00:21:04,980 It's no surprise that Warwick is becoming paranoid 261 00:21:05,020 --> 00:21:07,460 that his influence over Edward is slipping away. 262 00:21:10,900 --> 00:21:12,900 It is. 263 00:21:15,740 --> 00:21:19,580 Warwick's not the sort of man to disappear quietly into retirement, 264 00:21:19,620 --> 00:21:23,980 so he comes up with a plan to win back his influence with the King. 265 00:21:24,020 --> 00:21:26,740 He's going to marry his daughter Isabel 266 00:21:26,780 --> 00:21:31,780 to the King's shallow, self-serving younger brother the Duke of Clarence. 267 00:21:33,380 --> 00:21:38,100 Until Elizabeth produces a son, Clarence is heir to the crown, 268 00:21:38,140 --> 00:21:43,020 so Warwick clearly sees this as a way to leapfrog the Woodvilles. 269 00:21:47,660 --> 00:21:50,660 ...the union of my daughter with Lord Clarence would clear - 270 00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:52,700 Enough. 271 00:21:54,340 --> 00:21:56,340 It shall not be. 272 00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:02,940 Edward flat-out refuses Warwick's proposition. 273 00:22:04,020 --> 00:22:06,020 Pray we shall discuss it no more. 274 00:22:06,060 --> 00:22:10,260 He argues that Clarence has to marry for political gain... 275 00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:12,020 Your move, cousin. 276 00:22:12,060 --> 00:22:15,780 ...which is pretty rich, considering Edward's own track record. 277 00:22:15,820 --> 00:22:17,820 Come on. 278 00:22:17,860 --> 00:22:21,860 Warwick's power and influence over the King has gone. 279 00:22:21,900 --> 00:22:25,100 It's an intolerable position for the Kingmaker. 280 00:22:27,340 --> 00:22:30,380 Is it by design you have made my victory so easy? 281 00:22:38,220 --> 00:22:41,500 If there's any doubt about who he blames for the rift, 282 00:22:41,540 --> 00:22:47,700 Warwick spells it out by refusing to attend a meeting of the King's Council in Coventry 283 00:22:47,740 --> 00:22:50,780 if the Queen's father Lord Rivers is present. 284 00:22:50,820 --> 00:22:55,140 Warwick hates the Queen's Woodville family with such a passion 285 00:22:55,180 --> 00:22:57,700 he can't even stand to be in the same room as them. 286 00:22:58,740 --> 00:23:01,620 So what's he going to do about it? 287 00:23:02,980 --> 00:23:06,460 Warwick doesn't have to wait long to take his revenge. 288 00:23:08,060 --> 00:23:10,100 Just two years after the tournament, 289 00:23:10,140 --> 00:23:12,140 tax riots break out across the north. 290 00:23:12,180 --> 00:23:15,380 Fuelled by rumours that 291 00:23:15,420 --> 00:23:18,540 the Woodvilles are skimming off tax money for themselves. 292 00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:25,660 The riots threatened to tear apart the fragile peace that Edward has built up. 293 00:23:28,740 --> 00:23:33,660 And one man is poised to fan the flames and set the kingdom ablaze. 294 00:24:09,060 --> 00:24:12,260 By June 1469, rumours circulate that 295 00:24:12,300 --> 00:24:15,940 there are 60,000 men being mustered in Yorkshire 296 00:24:15,980 --> 00:24:19,660 under the banner of the mysterious rebel Robin of Redesdale. 297 00:24:21,740 --> 00:24:24,940 Chroniclers describe it as the Great Insurrection. 298 00:24:24,980 --> 00:24:28,020 Robin of Redesdale has to be stopped. 299 00:24:29,220 --> 00:24:32,300 Suddenly, the King needs Warwick back in the game. 300 00:24:35,100 --> 00:24:39,340 On July 9th, Edward writes to Warwick asking for his help. 301 00:24:39,380 --> 00:24:43,060 What he gets in return is a deafening silence. 302 00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:46,700 Hurt and embittered at being discarded by the King, 303 00:24:46,740 --> 00:24:51,580 Warwick's turned to Edward's weak and venal younger brother Clarence. 304 00:24:51,620 --> 00:24:55,540 They're in Calais, where Warwick's married Clarence to his daughter. 305 00:24:55,580 --> 00:24:58,740 This is some piece of scheming from 306 00:24:58,780 --> 00:25:01,300 It's a direct violation of royal orders 307 00:25:01,340 --> 00:25:04,700 and a very explicit challenge to royal authority. 308 00:25:06,660 --> 00:25:09,940 Edward writes to Warwick again, almost immediately. 309 00:25:09,980 --> 00:25:12,460 He says he's heard he's up to no good 310 00:25:12,500 --> 00:25:16,220 and demands that he meet the King in Nottingham to explain himself. 311 00:25:17,540 --> 00:25:20,020 Warwick and Clarence don't come. 312 00:25:20,060 --> 00:25:23,140 Instead, they publish an open letter. 313 00:25:23,180 --> 00:25:28,460 There's a 500-year-old copy of it here at the Bodleian Library in Oxford. 314 00:25:30,780 --> 00:25:32,500 And this is it. 315 00:25:32,540 --> 00:25:37,740 It begins, 'Right trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. 316 00:25:37,780 --> 00:25:40,180 Well, that's Medieval English for hello. 317 00:25:40,220 --> 00:25:42,420 Then it gets straight down to business. 318 00:25:42,460 --> 00:25:45,620 It says that 'certain seditious persons 319 00:25:45,660 --> 00:25:50,100 have been practising a deceivable covetous rule about the King.' 320 00:25:50,140 --> 00:25:52,700 Who are those persons? Well, here they are named. 321 00:25:52,740 --> 00:25:55,220 'Lord Rivers and the Duchess of Bedford.' 322 00:25:55,260 --> 00:25:58,740 That's the Queen Elizabeth Woodville's mother and father. 323 00:25:58,780 --> 00:26:01,900 It mentions 'Lord Scales, ' that's her brother Anthony. 324 00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:04,900 'Sir John Woodville and his brethren 325 00:26:04,940 --> 00:26:09,060 and others of their mischievous rule, opinion and assent.' 326 00:26:09,100 --> 00:26:11,580 In other words, anyone of the Woodville clan 327 00:26:11,620 --> 00:26:13,620 we might have forgotten to mention. 328 00:26:13,660 --> 00:26:18,020 It accuses them of 'enriching themselves at the country's expense.' 329 00:26:19,140 --> 00:26:22,820 But what's really amazing is the last line of this letter 330 00:26:22,860 --> 00:26:25,620 which says that 'anyone who shares this opinion, 331 00:26:25,660 --> 00:26:29,180 should be at Canterbury, upon Sunday next.' 332 00:26:29,220 --> 00:26:31,860 That's an open invitation to rebellion. 333 00:26:31,900 --> 00:26:34,220 So, far from siding with the King, 334 00:26:34,260 --> 00:26:36,940 Warwick and Clarence are supporting the rebels. 335 00:26:36,980 --> 00:26:40,780 Or, if you want to put it another way, they've gone rogue. 336 00:26:46,220 --> 00:26:48,700 Get those horses moved! 337 00:26:48,740 --> 00:26:53,100 On July 16th, 1469, Warwick lands in Kent 338 00:26:53,140 --> 00:26:56,820 with his new son-in-law, Edward's younger brother Clarence. 339 00:26:59,220 --> 00:27:01,940 Two days later, they head north from London 340 00:27:01,980 --> 00:27:03,980 with a vanguard of an army. 341 00:27:06,780 --> 00:27:11,820 Publicly, Warwick tells anyone who'll listen that he's on Edward's side 342 00:27:11,860 --> 00:27:15,140 and is only trying to save his friend from the Woodvilles. 343 00:27:16,260 --> 00:27:18,700 How very selfless of him (!) 344 00:27:21,460 --> 00:27:24,860 In reality, with the King in Nottingham with a small army, 345 00:27:24,900 --> 00:27:27,740 Warwick's craftily creating a pincer movement. 346 00:27:29,140 --> 00:27:32,340 The King is caught between Warwick approaching from the south 347 00:27:32,380 --> 00:27:35,420 and Robin of Redesdale's men in the north. 348 00:27:36,940 --> 00:27:39,620 Warwick is going to war with the King. 349 00:27:41,380 --> 00:27:46,780 The confrontation on July 26th is less of a battle and more of a rout. 350 00:27:46,820 --> 00:27:49,900 Warwick's forces annihilate the Royalists 351 00:27:49,940 --> 00:27:54,620 and Warwick brings Edward as a prisoner here to Midland Castle. 352 00:28:04,420 --> 00:28:08,380 Warwick's success may look like an opportunistic punt 353 00:28:08,420 --> 00:28:11,540 that takes advantage of Robin of Redesdale's rebellion. 354 00:28:13,220 --> 00:28:16,860 And that's certainly what Warwick wants everyone to believe. 355 00:28:18,980 --> 00:28:22,460 But we now know that the shadowy figure of Redesdale 356 00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:25,100 is almost certainly Sir John Conyers, 357 00:28:25,140 --> 00:28:27,940 a loyal servant of the Kingmaker. 358 00:28:30,740 --> 00:28:34,540 The entire rebellion was stage-managed by Warwick. 359 00:28:39,100 --> 00:28:41,100 So Warwick's got the King banged up. 360 00:28:41,140 --> 00:28:43,900 The question is: what's his end game? 361 00:28:43,940 --> 00:28:46,180 Cos, if you're going to imprison a king, 362 00:28:46,220 --> 00:28:49,900 you'd better prepared to replace and to kill him too. 363 00:28:50,940 --> 00:28:54,780 So Warwick's best bet might be to have Edward declared a bastard 364 00:28:54,820 --> 00:28:58,060 and replaced with the vain and malleable Clarence. 365 00:28:58,100 --> 00:29:01,660 But that'll never work so long as Edward's still alive 366 00:29:01,700 --> 00:29:04,900 and Warwick's not prepared to take the final step. 367 00:29:05,940 --> 00:29:08,500 So maybe he's trying to keep his options open. 368 00:29:08,540 --> 00:29:11,420 But he's got the King locked up. 369 00:29:12,460 --> 00:29:14,980 I don't think he's really thought this through. 370 00:29:17,060 --> 00:29:19,140 Warwick has balked at killing the 371 00:29:19,180 --> 00:29:22,540 Instead, he takes out his frustration and hatred 372 00:29:22,580 --> 00:29:27,060 in a killing spree designed to wipe out as many of the Woodvilles as possible. 373 00:29:31,660 --> 00:29:36,500 The highest profile victim is Edward's father-in-law, Lord Rivers. 374 00:29:37,540 --> 00:29:43,660 On August 12th 1469, he's executed at Kenilworth Castle, without a trial. 375 00:29:46,460 --> 00:29:52,260 Without a king at large, the fragile peace that Edward built up between his warring nobles 376 00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:56,340 now collapses into violence with astonishing speed. 377 00:29:56,380 --> 00:30:00,820 The unrest that Warwick engineered during the Redesdale Riots 378 00:30:00,860 --> 00:30:04,700 backfires on him, setting off the rest of the country. 379 00:30:07,340 --> 00:30:09,420 Desperate to put a lid on the violence, 380 00:30:09,460 --> 00:30:13,460 Warwick appeals to other nobles for help stabilising the country, 381 00:30:13,500 --> 00:30:18,020 but there's nothing in it for them in helping Warwick, so they just laugh at him. 382 00:30:19,060 --> 00:30:24,300 After all, he's one who arrested the King and triggered all the trouble in the first place. 383 00:30:27,580 --> 00:30:31,820 This is exactly why Warwick is such a poor peacetime ally 384 00:30:31,860 --> 00:30:34,860 and exactly why Edward was sidelining him. 385 00:30:35,980 --> 00:30:38,460 Warwick's great at the rapid action. 386 00:30:38,500 --> 00:30:40,860 The pincer movement he used to capture Edward, 387 00:30:40,900 --> 00:30:42,660 well, that's right up his street. 388 00:30:42,700 --> 00:30:45,420 What he can't grasp are the politics 389 00:30:45,460 --> 00:30:49,340 and the compromises necessary to actually run a country. 390 00:30:49,380 --> 00:30:53,820 Warwick's decision to grab Edward without a coherent plan 391 00:30:53,860 --> 00:30:57,980 to replace or to kill him has blown up in his face 392 00:30:58,020 --> 00:31:00,980 and England is descending into anarchy. 393 00:31:03,940 --> 00:31:06,660 Little more than a month after locking Edward up, 394 00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:10,100 Warwick is forced into a catastrophic climb-down. 395 00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:27,900 The word 'awkward' probably doesn't do justice 396 00:31:27,940 --> 00:31:30,780 to the first meeting between Warwick and the King. 397 00:31:32,180 --> 00:31:36,740 Sire, all that was done was done for the good of the realm. 398 00:31:38,740 --> 00:31:40,820 Edward's back in control of England. 399 00:31:42,020 --> 00:31:46,020 Astonishingly, he sticks to his policy of appeasing his enemies. 400 00:31:49,060 --> 00:31:51,460 He forgives Warwick and Clarence. 401 00:31:53,820 --> 00:31:57,580 It's recorded that Edward even calls them his best friends. 402 00:31:58,980 --> 00:32:02,500 But Warwick clearly remains a dangerous man 403 00:32:02,540 --> 00:32:06,060 and England remains perilously unstable. 404 00:32:08,820 --> 00:32:12,620 In March 1470, rebellion breaks out in Lincolnshire 405 00:32:12,660 --> 00:32:14,740 and Edward sends in the troops. 406 00:32:14,780 --> 00:32:18,780 They meet the rebels at the village of Empingham near Peterborough. 407 00:32:18,820 --> 00:32:21,820 Edward's men scatter the rebels and as they run, 408 00:32:21,860 --> 00:32:24,860 they tear off any clothing that could identify them, 409 00:32:24,900 --> 00:32:28,580 which is why the battle site is known as Loose Coat Field. 410 00:32:33,020 --> 00:32:37,380 But when Edward's men run through the rebel leader Sir Robert Wells, 411 00:32:37,420 --> 00:32:39,620 they find hidden inside his helmet 412 00:32:39,660 --> 00:32:43,500 letters implicating Warwick and Clarence in the rebellion. 413 00:32:43,540 --> 00:32:46,020 It's a damning piece of evidence. 414 00:32:51,340 --> 00:32:53,620 Edward can never trust them again. 415 00:32:58,540 --> 00:33:01,260 This is Warwick's second act of treason. 416 00:33:01,300 --> 00:33:04,420 He's bull-headed, but he's not a fool. 417 00:33:04,460 --> 00:33:06,980 He knows the King will be coming for him 418 00:33:07,020 --> 00:33:10,900 and this time, there'll be no hugs and best buddies. 419 00:33:16,620 --> 00:33:20,860 Warwick the mighty Kingmaker, utterly disgraced, 420 00:33:20,900 --> 00:33:25,700 is reduced to running for the safety of France, taking Clarence with him. 421 00:33:30,620 --> 00:33:33,820 Warwick now has just two choices. 422 00:33:33,860 --> 00:33:36,300 He can live out his life in exile, 423 00:33:36,340 --> 00:33:41,420 or he can go large and try to wipe out Edward permanently. 424 00:33:41,460 --> 00:33:45,100 But to pull that off, he needs a powerful ally. 425 00:33:45,140 --> 00:33:50,540 Someone who, if it were possible, hates Edward even more than he does. 426 00:33:53,460 --> 00:33:55,260 Margaret of Anjou. 427 00:33:55,300 --> 00:33:58,660 Wife of the previous King, Henry VI. 428 00:33:59,820 --> 00:34:01,620 My Lord. 429 00:34:02,660 --> 00:34:04,660 The Duke of Clarence. 430 00:34:05,860 --> 00:34:08,860 Since her husband's capture nearly ten years ago, 431 00:34:08,900 --> 00:34:13,860 she's been living in frustrated and powerless exile in her native France. 432 00:34:15,900 --> 00:34:17,900 My Queen. 433 00:34:19,340 --> 00:34:20,940 Out of this meeting 434 00:34:20,980 --> 00:34:24,700 between the incensed Warwick and the furious ex-Queen, 435 00:34:24,740 --> 00:34:27,620 comes a breathtaking, outrageous plan. 436 00:34:28,660 --> 00:34:32,660 Kick Edward off the throne and replace him with Henry VI, 437 00:34:32,700 --> 00:34:35,900 the old king, currently locked up in the Tower. 438 00:34:36,940 --> 00:34:40,100 After all, Warwick's the Kingmaker, isn't he? 439 00:34:40,140 --> 00:34:42,140 He did it for Edward. 440 00:34:42,180 --> 00:34:44,180 Surely he can do it for Henry. 441 00:34:45,780 --> 00:34:48,260 Warwick lands on the Devonshire coast 442 00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:52,020 with a small, fast-moving army and heads north. 443 00:34:54,220 --> 00:34:58,220 Edward's near Doncaster when he's woken in the middle of the night 444 00:34:58,260 --> 00:35:01,300 and warned that enemy troops are just a mile away. 445 00:35:02,860 --> 00:35:05,780 Edward's troops are completely outnumbered. 446 00:35:10,340 --> 00:35:13,740 He can stand and fight, but the odds don't look good. 447 00:35:13,780 --> 00:35:16,660 Or he can run for it. 448 00:35:25,620 --> 00:35:27,620 Edward flees to Flanders. 449 00:35:32,620 --> 00:35:34,620 And as if that wasn't enough, 450 00:35:34,660 --> 00:35:37,140 Edward has been forced to abandon the woman 451 00:35:37,180 --> 00:35:39,700 who precipitated all his problems. 452 00:35:39,740 --> 00:35:43,220 Elizabeth Woodville, now pregnant again, 453 00:35:43,260 --> 00:35:47,260 has sought sanctuary here at Westminster Abbey. 454 00:35:51,580 --> 00:35:54,980 In October, after ten years in captivity, 455 00:35:55,020 --> 00:35:57,740 Warwick releases Henry VI from the Tower. 456 00:36:04,980 --> 00:36:07,660 This is the man that Warwick's depending on 457 00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:09,700 to save England from itself. 458 00:36:11,340 --> 00:36:13,340 He must be mad. 459 00:36:14,820 --> 00:36:18,140 Henry was always a disastrous king and nothing's changed, 460 00:36:18,180 --> 00:36:21,460 but he's the only card that Warwick has left. 461 00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:24,620 So, for the second time in his life, 462 00:36:24,660 --> 00:36:27,740 Henry VI is King of England. 463 00:37:03,980 --> 00:37:08,460 With thousands of men behind him, Edward heads south to London. 464 00:37:12,020 --> 00:37:16,180 To avoid confronting Edward, Warwick's holed up in Coventry. 465 00:37:17,220 --> 00:37:19,580 He sends a desperate message to 466 00:37:19,620 --> 00:37:23,140 to try and rally support behind Henry VI. 467 00:37:24,180 --> 00:37:27,260 The result is indeed desperate. 468 00:37:27,300 --> 00:37:29,980 On Maundy Thursday 1471, 469 00:37:30,020 --> 00:37:33,340 in a shambolic piece of political theatre, 470 00:37:33,380 --> 00:37:36,380 Henry's paraded through the streets of London. 471 00:37:36,420 --> 00:37:42,980 But all that the thin crowd that turns out sees is a feeble, half-senile man. 472 00:37:43,020 --> 00:37:46,420 So all that Warwick is doing is pointing out 473 00:37:46,460 --> 00:37:51,060 in the bluntest possible way all the King's failings. 474 00:37:56,380 --> 00:37:59,820 On the same day that Henry's paraded through the streets, 475 00:37:59,860 --> 00:38:02,940 Edward enters London at the head of an army. 476 00:38:02,980 --> 00:38:08,340 The contrast with the weak and feeble old king couldn't be more extreme. 477 00:38:08,380 --> 00:38:11,460 Edward's a strapping, energetic young man. 478 00:38:11,500 --> 00:38:14,260 The picture perfect example of 479 00:38:14,300 --> 00:38:18,020 Whereas Henry's parade was greeted with derision, 480 00:38:18,060 --> 00:38:21,020 Edward's welcomed with universal acclaim. 481 00:38:21,060 --> 00:38:24,380 The first thing he does is come here to St Paul's 482 00:38:24,420 --> 00:38:26,540 to give thanks for his safe arrival. 483 00:38:26,580 --> 00:38:28,780 Then it's down to business. 484 00:38:31,180 --> 00:38:36,220 Edward heads across the river to Lambeth Palace, where Henry VI is waiting. 485 00:38:36,260 --> 00:38:38,260 My cousin of York. 486 00:38:44,620 --> 00:38:46,620 All will be well. 487 00:38:46,660 --> 00:38:48,940 Edward may sound reassuring 488 00:38:48,980 --> 00:38:53,540 but ominously, he immediately has Henry taken back to the Tower. 489 00:38:54,580 --> 00:38:58,940 Then Edward heads back across the Thames as fast as possible. 490 00:39:03,900 --> 00:39:06,300 He comes here, to Westminster Abbey, 491 00:39:06,340 --> 00:39:08,740 to be reunited with his wife Elizabeth 492 00:39:08,780 --> 00:39:12,780 who has been sheltering from Henry's men under the laws of sanctuary. 493 00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:24,460 While he's been away, Elizabeth has given birth to a fine baby boy. 494 00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:39,860 Edward has got his throne back, his wife back and he's got a son and heir. 495 00:39:39,900 --> 00:39:42,700 He is King of England again... 496 00:39:45,780 --> 00:39:49,140 ...but he's learned the lessons of kingship the hard way. 497 00:39:53,900 --> 00:39:57,940 However much Edward wants to avoid bloodshed and recrimination, 498 00:39:57,980 --> 00:40:00,300 forgiveness has its limits. 499 00:40:00,340 --> 00:40:06,700 Sometimes, the only way to keep your throne is to deploy the ultimate sanction... 500 00:40:08,060 --> 00:40:10,060 ...death. 501 00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:15,020 So Edward heads north with his army to hunt Warwick down. 502 00:40:20,900 --> 00:40:23,300 Come on! Come on! 503 00:40:24,380 --> 00:40:27,380 On April 14th 1471, 504 00:40:27,420 --> 00:40:31,900 Warwick and Edward go into battle one last time at Barnet. 505 00:40:35,460 --> 00:40:40,060 Just like at Towton, Edward and Warwick are in the thick of it. 506 00:40:41,380 --> 00:40:46,380 They must both known that only one king can leave the field alive. 507 00:40:50,660 --> 00:40:53,860 Warwick throws 15,000 men into the fight. 508 00:40:53,900 --> 00:40:55,900 Edward, 12,000. 509 00:40:58,660 --> 00:41:02,340 The odds favour Warwick but, confused by heavy fog, 510 00:41:02,380 --> 00:41:05,140 his army accidentally attacks itself. 511 00:41:06,740 --> 00:41:11,100 In the chaos, Edward's army overwhelms Warwick's men. 512 00:41:15,100 --> 00:41:17,100 Warwick flees the battlefield... 513 00:41:25,060 --> 00:41:28,700 ...but he's hunted down like a dog by Edward's troops. 514 00:42:16,980 --> 00:42:19,180 The Kingmaker is dead. 515 00:42:33,660 --> 00:42:36,260 Edward has Warwick's body brought to London. 516 00:42:36,300 --> 00:42:40,100 It's stripped naked, except for a cloth covering the genitals 517 00:42:40,140 --> 00:42:42,940 and is put on display for everyone to see 518 00:42:42,980 --> 00:42:46,940 at the old medieval cathedral here in St Paul's. 519 00:42:46,980 --> 00:42:52,620 Edward's sending a very simple, very plain message to the entire country. 520 00:42:55,580 --> 00:42:58,940 The new King has learned the old lessons. 521 00:43:00,340 --> 00:43:02,340 Your Grace. 522 00:43:05,740 --> 00:43:07,740 There will be no more forgiveness. 523 00:43:11,900 --> 00:43:13,900 Make sure it's done. 524 00:43:20,300 --> 00:43:27,060 On May 21st 1471, barely a month after Edward's victory over Warwick... 525 00:43:28,860 --> 00:43:30,860 ...Henry dies. 526 00:43:31,900 --> 00:43:35,940 The official cause is pure displeasure and melancholy, 527 00:43:35,980 --> 00:43:38,300 but few people believe that. 528 00:43:39,620 --> 00:43:41,740 It's reported that his corpse is found 529 00:43:41,780 --> 00:43:44,100 with congealed blood in his hair. 530 00:43:46,580 --> 00:43:49,380 Whether he was cudgelled to death or not, 531 00:43:49,420 --> 00:43:53,300 there's no doubt at all that Edward has had him killed. 532 00:43:56,340 --> 00:44:02,540 Edward came to the throne determined to break the cycle of violence that had been consuming England, 533 00:44:02,580 --> 00:44:04,580 but it just couldn't be done. 534 00:44:04,620 --> 00:44:07,700 I mean, look at the last 11 weeks. 535 00:44:07,740 --> 00:44:12,380 He's invaded England, raised an army, fought a brutal battle, 536 00:44:12,420 --> 00:44:16,340 killed his friend and murdered a rival king. 537 00:44:17,580 --> 00:44:21,300 And that is the reality of medieval 538 00:44:21,340 --> 00:44:24,460 In the end, there was only ever one way 539 00:44:24,500 --> 00:44:27,020 that Edward was going to earn his crown: 540 00:44:27,060 --> 00:44:29,060 in blood. 541 00:44:30,140 --> 00:44:34,820 Next time, the most infamous story in the entire blood-soaked era. 542 00:44:34,860 --> 00:44:37,580 Richard III snatches the throne. 543 00:44:37,620 --> 00:44:42,460 The only obstacles are his own nephews, the Princes in the Tower.