1
00:00:04,405 --> 00:00:05,471
PATRICK HUNT: He's the oldest
human specimen we have
2
00:00:05,539 --> 00:00:06,705
that is so complete.
3
00:00:06,774 --> 00:00:08,507
So well preserved.
4
00:00:08,576 --> 00:00:11,343
AARON DETER-WOLF: He continues to
generate this body of information.
5
00:00:11,412 --> 00:00:12,878
HUNT:
He may well be
6
00:00:12,947 --> 00:00:17,349
the most studied human being
in history.
7
00:00:17,418 --> 00:00:19,084
NARRATOR:
The Iceman.
8
00:00:19,153 --> 00:00:21,153
HUNT:
He was found in a glacier,
9
00:00:21,222 --> 00:00:24,723
frozen in time for 5,000 years.
10
00:00:24,792 --> 00:00:27,326
NARRATOR:
An ancient murder mystery...
11
00:00:27,395 --> 00:00:28,694
Ready to go?
12
00:00:28,763 --> 00:00:30,529
What can we learn from him?
13
00:00:30,598 --> 00:00:31,663
What is his story?
14
00:00:31,732 --> 00:00:33,465
We figured he was
probably Italian.
15
00:00:33,534 --> 00:00:34,199
Wrong.
16
00:00:34,268 --> 00:00:35,401
Eastern European?
17
00:00:35,469 --> 00:00:36,568
North African?
18
00:00:36,637 --> 00:00:38,504
Wrong, wrong, wrong.
19
00:00:38,572 --> 00:00:40,506
Where's this guy from?
20
00:00:40,574 --> 00:00:43,675
NARRATOR: Scientists search for
answers hidden in his genetic code...
21
00:00:43,744 --> 00:00:46,712
CARLOS BUSTAMANTE: We're rewriting
the history of humankind.
22
00:00:46,781 --> 00:00:50,449
NARRATOR: As an artist
brings him back to life.
23
00:00:50,518 --> 00:00:54,153
When they believe that it's
real, then I have done my job.
24
00:00:54,221 --> 00:00:59,558
NARRATOR: Science and art join to
share the Iceman and his secrets
25
00:00:59,627 --> 00:01:02,061
with the world.
26
00:01:02,129 --> 00:01:04,529
GARY STAAB: We have to turn this
thing from plastic to flesh.
27
00:01:06,534 --> 00:01:10,502
NARRATOR: "Iceman Reborn,"
right now, on NOVA.
28
00:01:27,054 --> 00:01:29,721
Major funding for NOVA is
provided by the following...
29
00:01:32,258 --> 00:01:37,395
NARRATOR: In a custom-built lab,
a team of doctors suits up.
30
00:01:37,463 --> 00:01:39,096
Strict precautions are taken.
31
00:01:39,165 --> 00:01:40,865
Okay.
32
00:01:40,933 --> 00:01:43,601
NARRATOR: Because this
is a very unusual case.
33
00:01:46,072 --> 00:01:51,242
The patient has been dead
for over 5,000 years.
34
00:01:54,247 --> 00:01:59,917
This is Ötzi, the Iceman....
35
00:01:59,986 --> 00:02:04,121
one of the oldest and best
preserved intact human bodies
36
00:02:04,190 --> 00:02:06,624
ever found.
37
00:02:10,563 --> 00:02:14,765
The story of Ötzi's discovery is
still one of the most astounding
38
00:02:14,834 --> 00:02:18,135
in human history.
39
00:02:18,204 --> 00:02:22,072
1991... on a 10,000-foot glacier
40
00:02:22,141 --> 00:02:24,842
near the border of Austria
and Italy,
41
00:02:24,911 --> 00:02:31,415
two hikers come across the body
of a man face down in the ice.
42
00:02:31,484 --> 00:02:35,853
They have no idea the importance
of what they've stumbled upon.
43
00:02:38,090 --> 00:02:39,457
Perhaps it's a mountaineer,
44
00:02:39,525 --> 00:02:42,960
or even a lost soldier
from World War I.
45
00:02:45,631 --> 00:02:48,165
But as they pull the remains
from the ice,
46
00:02:48,234 --> 00:02:50,868
capturing the recovery on video,
47
00:02:50,937 --> 00:02:55,739
certain clues point
to a different story...
48
00:02:55,808 --> 00:02:58,509
A knife made of stone;
49
00:02:58,578 --> 00:03:02,480
a shoe made of grass;
50
00:03:02,548 --> 00:03:04,815
a quiver of arrows;
51
00:03:04,884 --> 00:03:07,218
leather leggings;
52
00:03:07,286 --> 00:03:09,787
a copper ax.
53
00:03:09,856 --> 00:03:13,924
Carbon dating later reveals
that the body
54
00:03:13,993 --> 00:03:16,627
and the items found with it
55
00:03:16,696 --> 00:03:19,263
have been preserved
in the mountain ice
56
00:03:19,332 --> 00:03:21,799
for over 5,000 years.
57
00:03:26,305 --> 00:03:30,274
Ötzi becomes not only an
international sensation
58
00:03:30,343 --> 00:03:34,211
but also a scientific treasure.
59
00:03:34,280 --> 00:03:37,581
He's the oldest human specimen
we have that is so complete,
60
00:03:37,650 --> 00:03:39,416
so well preserved.
61
00:03:39,485 --> 00:03:42,086
With all the scientific
disciplines
62
00:03:42,154 --> 00:03:44,889
that are intrigued by him,
that want answers,
63
00:03:44,957 --> 00:03:50,528
he may well be the most studied
human being in history.
64
00:03:52,231 --> 00:03:56,300
NARRATOR: Now, new technology
is yielding more clues,
65
00:03:56,369 --> 00:03:58,435
revealing surprising secrets
66
00:03:58,504 --> 00:04:01,038
about this mysterious
ancient man
67
00:04:01,107 --> 00:04:03,507
and the world he lived in,
68
00:04:03,576 --> 00:04:08,612
from the strange markings
that cover his body
69
00:04:08,681 --> 00:04:11,549
to the DNA in his bones.
70
00:04:11,617 --> 00:04:15,653
Researchers are trying to use
his genetic code to uncover
71
00:04:15,721 --> 00:04:18,789
his true origins,
72
00:04:18,858 --> 00:04:23,627
to track down his relatives,
alive, even today,
73
00:04:23,696 --> 00:04:26,697
and help solve long-standing
mysteries
74
00:04:26,766 --> 00:04:32,503
about how people lived
at the end of the Stone Age.
75
00:04:32,572 --> 00:04:36,006
Ötzi provides a window into what
life looked like 5,000 years ago
76
00:04:36,075 --> 00:04:37,575
in Europe.
77
00:04:37,643 --> 00:04:39,476
So it's kind of like finding
the Ark of the Covenant.
78
00:04:39,545 --> 00:04:40,578
How important is that?
79
00:04:40,646 --> 00:04:41,845
Yeah, it's pretty important.
80
00:04:44,550 --> 00:04:47,685
NARRATOR: The clues begin
with Ötzi himself.
81
00:04:47,753 --> 00:04:55,259
"At the time of his death, he was
about 45 years old, 5'2" tall,
82
00:04:55,328 --> 00:04:57,394
weighing about 110 pounds.
83
00:05:01,734 --> 00:05:04,401
New research deciphering Ötzi's
genetic code
84
00:05:04,470 --> 00:05:12,376
reveals he had brown eyes, dark
hair, and had both Lyme disease
85
00:05:12,445 --> 00:05:15,145
and a predisposition
to heart disease.
86
00:05:17,817 --> 00:05:21,418
But that's not what killed him
on the mountain.
87
00:05:22,989 --> 00:05:26,190
At first, it was thought that
the Iceman had frozen to death
88
00:05:26,258 --> 00:05:30,260
in a storm and been buried
in the snow.
89
00:05:36,135 --> 00:05:41,171
But a radiologist reviewing his
x-rays spotted something strange
90
00:05:41,240 --> 00:05:45,809
that had escaped
everyone else's notice:
91
00:05:45,878 --> 00:05:50,948
an arrowhead lodged deep
in the Iceman's shoulder.
92
00:05:51,017 --> 00:05:53,083
ALBERT ZINK: The arrowhead
was detected in 2001.
93
00:05:53,152 --> 00:05:56,286
And then the question was did
the arrowhead kill him or not?
94
00:05:58,691 --> 00:06:00,591
NARRATOR:
CT or CAT scans of the body
95
00:06:00,660 --> 00:06:05,129
revealing Ötzi's internal
anatomy in amazing detail
96
00:06:05,197 --> 00:06:08,032
provided more clues.
97
00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:10,067
We could reconstruct then the
area where the arrow entered
98
00:06:10,136 --> 00:06:14,538
the body and disrupted a major
artery of the left arm.
99
00:06:14,607 --> 00:06:16,607
If you're losing so much blood,
100
00:06:16,676 --> 00:06:19,877
after ten to 15 minutes
you are dead.
101
00:06:19,945 --> 00:06:23,647
From this, we knew that he was
killed by this arrow shot.
102
00:06:26,686 --> 00:06:30,487
NARRATOR: Shot and left
to die on the mountain.
103
00:06:30,556 --> 00:06:32,589
The mystery was deepening.
104
00:06:35,828 --> 00:06:39,029
Who was Ötzi?
105
00:06:39,098 --> 00:06:41,632
What did he do for a living?
106
00:06:41,701 --> 00:06:45,502
Who were his people?
107
00:06:45,571 --> 00:06:47,738
And why was he killed?
108
00:06:53,879 --> 00:06:56,914
The answers will not
be easy to find
109
00:06:56,982 --> 00:07:00,217
because Ötzi's condition
is so delicate.
110
00:07:00,286 --> 00:07:02,386
Ötzi has spent years
locked in a freezer
111
00:07:02,455 --> 00:07:06,223
at the South Tyrol
Museum of Archaeology.
112
00:07:06,292 --> 00:07:12,696
His cell, kept at a chilly
19 degrees, is designed
113
00:07:12,765 --> 00:07:16,767
to protect him from potentially
destructive microbes.
114
00:07:16,836 --> 00:07:20,437
No one enters
the sterile environment
115
00:07:20,506 --> 00:07:23,006
except Ötzi's doctors.
116
00:07:23,075 --> 00:07:25,008
ZINK:
The Iceman is kept
117
00:07:25,077 --> 00:07:27,778
under sterile condition
in this refrigeration cell.
118
00:07:27,847 --> 00:07:31,248
And that's why we have to take
care who's entering the cell,
119
00:07:31,317 --> 00:07:33,584
because we want to avoid
that anybody brings in
120
00:07:33,652 --> 00:07:35,018
any kind of contamination.
121
00:07:35,087 --> 00:07:37,788
(alarm ringing)
122
00:07:37,857 --> 00:07:39,623
Yeah, ready to go.
123
00:07:39,692 --> 00:07:45,929
NARRATOR: Today an exception has been
made for an artist named Gary Staab.
124
00:07:45,998 --> 00:07:48,932
Gary has been charged
with a difficult mission...
125
00:07:49,001 --> 00:07:53,203
To sculpt an exact replica
of the Iceman,
126
00:07:53,272 --> 00:07:58,509
a copy that will be accessible
to researchers and to the public
127
00:07:58,577 --> 00:08:01,445
who can't get close
to the real thing.
128
00:08:01,514 --> 00:08:03,981
We cannot allow everybody
entering the cell
129
00:08:04,049 --> 00:08:07,251
who has maybe a certain research
question to inspect the mummy.
130
00:08:07,319 --> 00:08:11,021
We want to make a good copy
people can use to see,
131
00:08:11,090 --> 00:08:14,258
to get very close, to get data
which cannot be done
132
00:08:14,326 --> 00:08:17,661
with the original mummy,
it's always really a risk.
133
00:08:17,730 --> 00:08:19,563
STAAB: Nail bed, pinky,
nine millimeters.
134
00:08:19,632 --> 00:08:22,466
NARRATOR: Gary has limited time
to take in all the details
135
00:08:22,535 --> 00:08:25,435
of this rare and unique
human body.
136
00:08:25,504 --> 00:08:28,939
STAAB: I am soaking in every single
detail I can lay my eyes on.
137
00:08:29,008 --> 00:08:33,043
NARRATOR: He must create the
most accurate replica possible:
138
00:08:33,112 --> 00:08:34,611
Ötzi's twin.
139
00:08:34,680 --> 00:08:37,848
STAAB:
Right index, five millimeters.
140
00:08:37,917 --> 00:08:41,585
NARRATOR: He evaluates Ötzi's
skin tone and texture...
141
00:08:41,654 --> 00:08:43,687
STAAB: The keratin has
fallen off the nailbeds.
142
00:08:43,756 --> 00:08:46,557
NARRATOR:
His distorted face...
143
00:08:46,625 --> 00:08:48,692
STAAB:
That cartilage is so, so thin.
144
00:08:48,761 --> 00:08:50,561
NARRATOR:
His ravaged hip...
145
00:08:50,629 --> 00:08:52,563
EDUARD EGARTER-VIGL:
Yes, you have a very big defect
146
00:08:52,631 --> 00:08:54,698
of soft tissues
and bone tissues.
147
00:08:54,767 --> 00:08:58,435
STAAB: Because of the damage, this
will be very difficult to replicate.
148
00:08:58,504 --> 00:09:01,805
NARRATOR: In the process of
getting every detail just right,
149
00:09:01,874 --> 00:09:04,341
Gary will have to learn
all he can
150
00:09:04,410 --> 00:09:06,910
about the Iceman and his times...
151
00:09:06,979 --> 00:09:11,248
How he lived, died,
and became mummified.
152
00:09:11,317 --> 00:09:12,317
STAAB:
What is his story?
153
00:09:12,384 --> 00:09:13,884
What can we learn from him,
154
00:09:13,953 --> 00:09:16,820
and how can he enrich our
understanding of the past?
155
00:09:16,889 --> 00:09:18,255
Okay?
156
00:09:18,324 --> 00:09:20,023
STAAB:
Very good.
157
00:09:20,092 --> 00:09:23,493
NARRATOR: Dr. Eduard Egarter-Vigl
calls an end to Gary's visit.
158
00:09:23,562 --> 00:09:26,964
Any more thawing and the Iceman
could be in danger
159
00:09:27,032 --> 00:09:29,499
of bacterial contamination.
160
00:09:29,568 --> 00:09:30,968
STAAB:
Absolutely amazing.
161
00:09:32,471 --> 00:09:34,504
That was the fastest 30 minutes
of my life.
162
00:09:34,573 --> 00:09:38,141
This very intimate moment
with the mummy
163
00:09:38,210 --> 00:09:40,010
will be very helpful
in the final product.
164
00:09:40,079 --> 00:09:41,845
It will be so much better
because of that.
165
00:09:44,049 --> 00:09:47,985
NARRATOR: With Ötzi safe
in his sterile crypt,
166
00:09:48,053 --> 00:09:52,522
Gary will begin to bring
his body double to life.
167
00:09:52,591 --> 00:09:56,827
To start, the CT scans
that helped determine
168
00:09:56,896 --> 00:10:01,064
Ötzi's cause of death will
provide a detailed blueprint
169
00:10:01,133 --> 00:10:02,799
for the Iceman's twin
170
00:10:02,868 --> 00:10:07,738
thanks to a remarkable
technology...
171
00:10:07,806 --> 00:10:10,540
3D printing.
172
00:10:10,609 --> 00:10:15,012
Ötzi will literally be printed
out in three dimensions.
173
00:10:15,080 --> 00:10:16,580
HERLIEN DECLERCK:
We use our software
174
00:10:16,649 --> 00:10:21,018
to transform the CT images into
a 3D model that you can print.
175
00:10:22,755 --> 00:10:24,955
NARRATOR: Special software
converts the data
176
00:10:25,024 --> 00:10:29,226
into a stack of over 2,000
horizontal slices,
177
00:10:29,295 --> 00:10:32,262
creating a blueprint
of Ötzi's body.
178
00:10:32,331 --> 00:10:35,699
This is then fed
into a computer,
179
00:10:35,768 --> 00:10:40,470
which controls a gigantic
five-foot by 18-foot machine
180
00:10:40,539 --> 00:10:43,173
known as "the Mammoth."
181
00:10:43,242 --> 00:10:46,877
They have the ability to create
the entire print in one piece,
182
00:10:46,946 --> 00:10:48,912
which is very rare.
183
00:10:48,981 --> 00:10:51,548
NARRATOR:
In this enormous vat,
184
00:10:51,617 --> 00:10:56,753
350 gallons of liquid resin
the consistency of warm honey
185
00:10:56,822 --> 00:11:00,590
will be transformed
into a life-size plastic model
186
00:11:00,659 --> 00:11:01,792
of the Iceman.
187
00:11:04,763 --> 00:11:07,764
The computer guides lasers
around a thin layer
188
00:11:07,833 --> 00:11:10,233
of liquid resin.
189
00:11:10,302 --> 00:11:13,236
We use a laser to trace out
cross sections of Ötzi
190
00:11:13,305 --> 00:11:18,575
and under UV lights
the polymer starts to harden.
191
00:11:18,644 --> 00:11:20,677
Once it solidifies,
just a few seconds,
192
00:11:20,746 --> 00:11:22,813
a very thin layer is positioned
on top of it
193
00:11:22,881 --> 00:11:25,582
and the laser hardens it out
again
194
00:11:25,651 --> 00:11:28,418
and this way the model
is built layer by layer.
195
00:11:30,923 --> 00:11:34,524
NARRATOR: For nearly three days,
the lasers continue their work,
196
00:11:34,593 --> 00:11:39,096
little by little, until
every small bump and hollow
197
00:11:39,164 --> 00:11:40,931
on the surface of
the Iceman's body
198
00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:43,700
is present and accounted for.
199
00:11:43,769 --> 00:11:45,469
STAAB:
This is very exciting.
200
00:11:45,537 --> 00:11:47,704
We're using the newest
technologies
201
00:11:47,773 --> 00:11:51,508
to three-dimensionally print
the oldest wet mummy ever found.
202
00:11:58,183 --> 00:12:01,718
NARRATOR: Finally, it's time
to reveal the 3D print.
203
00:12:01,787 --> 00:12:04,855
Oh my gosh, this is fantastic.
204
00:12:04,923 --> 00:12:08,058
NARRATOR: Transformed
from liquid to solid.
205
00:12:08,127 --> 00:12:10,827
The face details are beautiful.
206
00:12:10,896 --> 00:12:14,731
That is absolutely fantastic.
207
00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:16,800
NARRATOR: Ötzi's body
has been reconstructed
208
00:12:16,869 --> 00:12:21,571
as one extremely detailed
hollow piece of plastic.
209
00:12:21,640 --> 00:12:23,807
STAAB: Beautifully translucent
but it still captures
210
00:12:23,876 --> 00:12:25,242
all the forms and the shapes.
211
00:12:30,949 --> 00:12:36,353
NARRATOR: As the model
emerges, the Iceman is reborn.
212
00:12:36,422 --> 00:12:39,489
STAAB: Ötzi coming out of this
resin was kind of overwhelming.
213
00:12:39,558 --> 00:12:41,425
Because slowly his face
was revealed,
214
00:12:41,493 --> 00:12:44,494
his feet were revealed,
his ribcage.
215
00:12:44,563 --> 00:12:47,097
And it was
super exciting to know
216
00:12:47,166 --> 00:12:49,199
that that
three-dimensional print
217
00:12:49,268 --> 00:12:51,468
was at such a high resolution,
218
00:12:51,537 --> 00:12:53,070
I really have something
to work with.
219
00:12:55,441 --> 00:12:58,875
NARRATOR: It is on this plastic
Ötzi that Gary will sculpt
220
00:12:58,944 --> 00:13:00,877
the life-like version.
221
00:13:02,448 --> 00:13:04,714
STAAB: It's a treat to
see it in one color
222
00:13:04,783 --> 00:13:07,317
because there's nothing
distracting your eye.
223
00:13:07,386 --> 00:13:10,387
I'm also looking at anatomical
features that correspond
224
00:13:10,456 --> 00:13:13,623
to the structures that I saw
in the freezer.
225
00:13:13,692 --> 00:13:17,194
NARRATOR: While Gary reviews
Ötzi's plastic form,
226
00:13:17,262 --> 00:13:20,497
scientists continue
to hunt down clues
227
00:13:20,566 --> 00:13:24,701
about the flesh-and-blood man.
228
00:13:24,770 --> 00:13:29,673
NARRATOR: For Albert Zink, who
oversees research on the mummy,
229
00:13:29,741 --> 00:13:33,443
Ötzi's CT scans are
especially valuable
230
00:13:33,512 --> 00:13:37,647
because a look at Ötzi's muscles
and joints can tell us a lot
231
00:13:37,716 --> 00:13:40,250
about his life and lifestyle,
232
00:13:40,319 --> 00:13:43,487
perhaps even
how he made a living.
233
00:13:43,555 --> 00:13:47,958
The two main ways of life 5,300
years ago were farming
234
00:13:48,026 --> 00:13:50,193
and hunting and gathering.
235
00:13:50,262 --> 00:13:52,429
ZINK: You can reconstruct the
muscles, the muscle structure,
236
00:13:52,498 --> 00:13:54,498
how the muscles are attached
at the bones.
237
00:13:54,566 --> 00:13:57,367
We just could extract
all this from the CT scans.
238
00:13:57,436 --> 00:14:02,672
NARRATOR: Zink notices Ötzi
did not show signs of strain
239
00:14:02,741 --> 00:14:05,742
in his upper body muscles
and joints.
240
00:14:05,811 --> 00:14:08,912
That might rule out farming.
241
00:14:08,981 --> 00:14:11,081
ZINK: In his upper part,
in his shoulders,
242
00:14:11,150 --> 00:14:13,283
in the arms and hands,
there is almost nothing,
243
00:14:13,352 --> 00:14:16,186
and for a man which was
about 40 to 50 years old
244
00:14:16,255 --> 00:14:18,655
in this time period,
we would expect some changes
245
00:14:18,724 --> 00:14:20,524
if he had worked with his hands.
246
00:14:20,592 --> 00:14:26,062
NARRATOR: The scans do indicate severe
damage in the muscles and joints
247
00:14:26,131 --> 00:14:28,365
of his legs and back,
248
00:14:28,433 --> 00:14:33,103
which suggests he was
a constant traveler.
249
00:14:33,172 --> 00:14:37,674
Also, the mummy's knee and hip
joints are missing
250
00:14:37,743 --> 00:14:39,142
a lot of their cartilage...
251
00:14:39,211 --> 00:14:42,913
A painful condition
called arthrosis,
252
00:14:42,981 --> 00:14:47,384
a kind of arthritis
caused by wear and tear.
253
00:14:47,452 --> 00:14:48,732
The physical facts of the Iceman
254
00:14:48,787 --> 00:14:51,188
were that he had
lower back problems.
255
00:14:51,256 --> 00:14:53,156
The same is true for the knee.
256
00:14:53,225 --> 00:14:55,792
We know he had some arthrosis
of the knee joints,
257
00:14:55,861 --> 00:14:57,427
and this caused pain
from time to time.
258
00:14:59,164 --> 00:15:02,566
NARRATOR:
Ötzi died in the mountains
259
00:15:02,634 --> 00:15:06,536
and he likely spent much
of his life there, too.
260
00:15:06,605 --> 00:15:08,738
We know from his
physical appearance
261
00:15:08,807 --> 00:15:10,540
that he was walking a lot,
that he maybe was carrying
262
00:15:10,609 --> 00:15:11,708
some heavy things.
263
00:15:11,777 --> 00:15:14,377
So maybe he was
trading something.
264
00:15:14,446 --> 00:15:16,513
It could be that he was
really traveling a lot.
265
00:15:16,582 --> 00:15:20,016
But we cannot really say what
was his role in society.
266
00:15:22,921 --> 00:15:26,923
NARRATOR: Searching for even more
evidence about this enigmatic man,
267
00:15:26,992 --> 00:15:30,860
scientists perform
a kind of autopsy on Ötzi.
268
00:15:30,929 --> 00:15:34,331
They remove specimens
from inside
269
00:15:34,399 --> 00:15:37,033
his most culturally
sensitive organ...
270
00:15:37,102 --> 00:15:38,168
This is stomach here.
271
00:15:38,237 --> 00:15:40,670
NARRATOR:
His stomach.
272
00:15:40,739 --> 00:15:45,375
And they are able to extract
Ötzi's last meal,
273
00:15:45,444 --> 00:15:48,878
eaten only hours
before his death.
274
00:15:48,947 --> 00:15:52,415
Some of the contents point
to Ötzi being a hunter.
275
00:15:52,484 --> 00:15:55,285
DOCTOR: So much material
from the stomach now.
276
00:15:55,354 --> 00:15:57,520
BUSTAMANTE: He had wild
ibex meat in his stomach,
277
00:15:57,589 --> 00:16:01,424
so he was clearly hunting
for part of his sustenance.
278
00:16:01,493 --> 00:16:02,659
He also had einkorn wheat.
279
00:16:02,728 --> 00:16:05,228
Einkorn wheat has to come
from farming.
280
00:16:05,297 --> 00:16:09,966
It's this classical
kind of interesting mystery.
281
00:16:10,035 --> 00:16:12,702
Ötzi's sending us mixed messages
about how he's living his life.
282
00:16:17,175 --> 00:16:20,043
NARRATOR: In addition to
food, researchers also found
283
00:16:20,112 --> 00:16:23,246
different kinds of pollen
in the Iceman's stomach.
284
00:16:23,315 --> 00:16:25,615
This revealed that Ötzi
had been traveling
285
00:16:25,684 --> 00:16:31,988
up and down the mountain within
the last 48 hours of his life.
286
00:16:32,057 --> 00:16:34,691
Ötzi seems to have been
a man on the move
287
00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:38,762
whose adventures
came to a violent end.
288
00:16:43,802 --> 00:16:46,202
More than 5,000 years later,
289
00:16:46,271 --> 00:16:50,206
Ötzi's twin is
on a journey of its own
290
00:16:50,275 --> 00:16:54,944
across the Atlantic Ocean, all
the way to Kearney, Missouri,
291
00:16:55,013 --> 00:16:56,880
in the American heartland.
292
00:16:58,717 --> 00:17:02,752
Here, Gary Staab brings
ancient fossils back to life.
293
00:17:05,524 --> 00:17:08,024
He is a master model maker,
294
00:17:08,093 --> 00:17:12,262
and over the years he has been
commissioned to build replicas
295
00:17:12,331 --> 00:17:19,502
of dozens of extinct creatures
for museums around the world.
296
00:17:19,571 --> 00:17:21,871
He has fashioned
prehistoric fish,
297
00:17:21,940 --> 00:17:26,910
sculpted life-size dinosaurs,
and crafted giant crocodiles.
298
00:17:26,978 --> 00:17:29,279
STAAB: I've spent entirely
way too much time
299
00:17:29,348 --> 00:17:31,014
on the inside of large animals.
300
00:17:31,083 --> 00:17:33,650
NARRATOR: From the miniature
to the monstrous,
301
00:17:33,719 --> 00:17:36,986
whether it swims,
crawls, or flies,
302
00:17:37,055 --> 00:17:41,191
Gary's job is to resurrect
the long dead.
303
00:17:41,259 --> 00:17:43,960
STAAB:
So the fascinating fact is
304
00:17:44,029 --> 00:17:46,529
that 99% of all life
that has ever existed
305
00:17:46,598 --> 00:17:47,664
on earth is extinct.
306
00:17:47,733 --> 00:17:50,200
So, I follow floods.
307
00:17:50,268 --> 00:17:54,137
I follow volcanic eruptions,
mass death events.
308
00:17:54,206 --> 00:17:55,171
I'm a bit of
an ambulance chaser,
309
00:17:55,240 --> 00:17:58,108
but I'm just a little bit late.
310
00:17:58,176 --> 00:18:00,276
Maybe a few thousand years late.
311
00:18:01,947 --> 00:18:05,181
In some cases,
50 or 60 million years late.
312
00:18:05,250 --> 00:18:09,519
NARRATOR: Gary's investigations... all
to better understand his subjects
313
00:18:09,588 --> 00:18:11,187
and the worlds they lived in...
314
00:18:11,256 --> 00:18:14,391
Have taken him around the globe,
315
00:18:14,459 --> 00:18:19,529
from exotic excavation sites
to ancient fossil fields.
316
00:18:19,598 --> 00:18:22,799
STAAB: Most of the time my job is
to sculpt animals for museums.
317
00:18:22,868 --> 00:18:25,068
And we only have their bones.
318
00:18:25,137 --> 00:18:26,603
We only have fossils.
319
00:18:26,671 --> 00:18:29,439
So I have to take something
that no one is exactly sure
320
00:18:29,508 --> 00:18:31,628
what it looked like, and
try and breathe life into it.
321
00:18:33,879 --> 00:18:36,045
This is a neat situation;
322
00:18:36,114 --> 00:18:38,281
we know exactly what Iceman
looks like.
323
00:18:38,350 --> 00:18:41,751
So my job is to replicate him
exactly as he looks right now.
324
00:18:43,221 --> 00:18:45,522
What's in here?
325
00:18:45,590 --> 00:18:48,391
NARRATOR: Now Gary faces one
of the biggest challenges
326
00:18:48,460 --> 00:18:51,528
of his career:
327
00:18:51,596 --> 00:18:58,301
creating the exact replica
of Ötzi the Iceman.
328
00:18:58,370 --> 00:19:00,537
It's like Neolithic Christmas.
329
00:19:00,605 --> 00:19:04,107
NARRATOR: The plastic model
generated by the 3D printer
330
00:19:04,176 --> 00:19:06,576
has just arrived in his studio.
331
00:19:06,645 --> 00:19:09,712
STAAB: It was an amazing
feeling to finally lift him
332
00:19:09,781 --> 00:19:12,482
out of the crate and take him
onto the table.
333
00:19:12,551 --> 00:19:15,952
By the time we're finished,
we will work thousand of hours.
334
00:19:16,021 --> 00:19:18,655
NARRATOR: 3D printing technology
has provided the artist
335
00:19:18,723 --> 00:19:20,957
with a good head start...
336
00:19:21,026 --> 00:19:25,562
A model with physical dimensions
exact to the millimeter.
337
00:19:25,630 --> 00:19:29,899
It's a perfect match
to the shape of the Iceman,
338
00:19:29,968 --> 00:19:33,269
but the surface of the model
is not detailed enough
339
00:19:33,338 --> 00:19:35,672
to create a believable replica.
340
00:19:35,740 --> 00:19:37,507
We've got a lot of work
ahead of us.
341
00:19:40,178 --> 00:19:42,545
NARRATOR: Gary and his team
will need to sculpt Ötzi
342
00:19:42,614 --> 00:19:47,083
the old-fashioned way...
All by hand.
343
00:19:47,152 --> 00:19:48,885
STAAB:
There is not one centimeter
344
00:19:48,954 --> 00:19:51,654
of this thing
that isn't complicated.
345
00:19:51,723 --> 00:19:54,824
It's going to be very hard.
346
00:19:54,893 --> 00:19:58,094
NARRATOR:
It will be a four-part process.
347
00:19:58,163 --> 00:20:01,397
Sculpting, molding, painting,
348
00:20:01,466 --> 00:20:04,501
and crafting
minute surface details
349
00:20:04,569 --> 00:20:08,271
will take Gary and his team
months to complete.
350
00:20:08,340 --> 00:20:09,672
STAAB:
The challenges are many.
351
00:20:09,741 --> 00:20:14,444
We have not only the elements
of the skin texture,
352
00:20:14,513 --> 00:20:16,613
we have the detail of the face.
353
00:20:16,681 --> 00:20:18,314
We have the detail of the hands.
354
00:20:18,383 --> 00:20:20,617
And we have to figure out
how to replicate the hips.
355
00:20:20,685 --> 00:20:24,821
The hip is going to be
very challenging to do.
356
00:20:24,890 --> 00:20:27,056
You guys start on this end
and work your way up
357
00:20:27,125 --> 00:20:29,192
and I'll start on the head
and then I'll meet you
358
00:20:29,261 --> 00:20:30,994
somewhere in the middle, I hope.
359
00:20:31,062 --> 00:20:33,062
NARRATOR: The first step:
darken the mummy's body
360
00:20:33,131 --> 00:20:37,934
to better reveal the exact
contours of the 3D print.
361
00:20:38,003 --> 00:20:40,603
STAAB: We can't actually read the
surface when it's translucent.
362
00:20:40,672 --> 00:20:43,840
So we take a very dark
and penetrating stain
363
00:20:43,909 --> 00:20:46,269
and we paint it over the top
of the three-dimensional print.
364
00:20:46,311 --> 00:20:49,946
It allows us to see the surface
in a much better way.
365
00:20:50,015 --> 00:20:53,883
So we can read those shapes,
and then actually make judgments
366
00:20:53,952 --> 00:20:56,392
on how we're going to sculpt the
surface based on what we see.
367
00:20:58,490 --> 00:21:00,223
There are thousands
of considerations...
368
00:21:00,292 --> 00:21:02,859
Not hundreds, thousands
of considerations,
369
00:21:02,928 --> 00:21:04,928
that have to be taken
into account for
370
00:21:04,996 --> 00:21:06,629
while you are doing this.
371
00:21:06,698 --> 00:21:09,966
NARRATOR: Next, Gary
replicates Ötzi's skin
372
00:21:10,035 --> 00:21:14,304
with especially malleable
modeling clay.
373
00:21:14,372 --> 00:21:17,006
As the thin clay bonds
to the resin,
374
00:21:17,075 --> 00:21:20,710
Gary and his team sculpt
every detail
375
00:21:20,779 --> 00:21:24,514
of the mummy's surface texture,
inch by inch.
376
00:21:26,384 --> 00:21:28,751
Getting Ötzi's skin just right
377
00:21:28,820 --> 00:21:33,022
is one of the main challenges
for Gary and his crew.
378
00:21:33,091 --> 00:21:35,011
We have to turn this thing
from plastic to flesh.
379
00:21:37,829 --> 00:21:42,765
NARRATOR: Human skin is actually
an organ... the largest we have.
380
00:21:42,834 --> 00:21:45,868
On average, it takes about 20
square feet of skin
381
00:21:45,937 --> 00:21:48,638
to cover a human body.
382
00:21:48,707 --> 00:21:52,308
It will take hundreds of hours
383
00:21:52,377 --> 00:21:56,779
to replicate Ötzi's complex
mummified surface.
384
00:21:56,848 --> 00:21:59,582
Pick out some of these
that might work well
385
00:21:59,651 --> 00:22:00,917
and then run some samples.
386
00:22:00,986 --> 00:22:04,120
NARRATOR:
Gary relies on texture pads
387
00:22:04,189 --> 00:22:06,889
to press patterns
into Ötzi's clay skin.
388
00:22:06,958 --> 00:22:08,691
STAAB: I have hundreds
of textures in a box.
389
00:22:08,760 --> 00:22:10,660
I pulled them out to see
which ones might match.
390
00:22:10,729 --> 00:22:13,930
NARRATOR: These flexible
rubber patches create
391
00:22:13,999 --> 00:22:15,932
varied imprints on the wet clay.
392
00:22:16,001 --> 00:22:20,169
Human skin has three layers.
393
00:22:20,238 --> 00:22:22,939
The epidermis, or outer layer,
394
00:22:23,008 --> 00:22:27,076
acts as a waterproof wrapping
and a guard against infection.
395
00:22:27,145 --> 00:22:30,246
It also determines
our skin color.
396
00:22:30,315 --> 00:22:32,248
The next layer, the dermis,
397
00:22:32,317 --> 00:22:34,484
is made up of tough
connective tissue,
398
00:22:34,552 --> 00:22:36,753
along with nerve endings,
399
00:22:36,821 --> 00:22:38,721
hair follicles,
and sweat glands.
400
00:22:38,790 --> 00:22:42,592
Finally, the deep hypodermis
401
00:22:42,661 --> 00:22:47,397
consists of subcutaneous fat
and more connective tissue.
402
00:22:47,465 --> 00:22:49,632
Gary and his team are sculpting
403
00:22:49,701 --> 00:22:53,569
the second layer
of Ötzi's skin... the dermis.
404
00:22:53,638 --> 00:22:56,939
Most of the outer layer was lost
to the mountain.
405
00:22:57,008 --> 00:22:59,842
(translated): If you look
at the skin of this mummy,
406
00:22:59,911 --> 00:23:02,011
you have to realize that
407
00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:05,114
this body has been lying in ice
for years.
408
00:23:05,183 --> 00:23:08,317
The ice isn't always stable,
409
00:23:08,386 --> 00:23:12,355
so in summer,
the ice melts into water.
410
00:23:12,424 --> 00:23:14,624
If it's in water for too long,
411
00:23:14,693 --> 00:23:18,194
the upper layer of the skin,
the epidermis, separates
412
00:23:18,263 --> 00:23:20,463
and you lose it.
413
00:23:20,532 --> 00:23:22,432
The layers underneath,
414
00:23:22,500 --> 00:23:27,804
the dermis and the subcutaneous
layer, remain preserved.
415
00:23:27,872 --> 00:23:31,808
A lot of hair, fingernails,
and toenails have been lost.
416
00:23:31,876 --> 00:23:34,844
NARRATOR:
Enough of the Iceman's skin,
417
00:23:34,913 --> 00:23:37,814
along with soft tissue
and muscle,
418
00:23:37,882 --> 00:23:41,484
has been preserved
to make Ötzi a true mummy.
419
00:23:41,553 --> 00:23:46,389
For Gary, Ötzi is not the first
mummy he has replicated,
420
00:23:46,458 --> 00:23:49,492
but certainly one
of the most unique.
421
00:23:49,561 --> 00:23:55,064
Mummies can be created naturally
or artificially.
422
00:23:55,133 --> 00:23:58,601
Artificial mummies,
like those from ancient Egypt,
423
00:23:58,670 --> 00:24:03,473
were made by intentionally
blocking the decaying process.
424
00:24:03,541 --> 00:24:04,841
The important thing
during mummification
425
00:24:04,909 --> 00:24:07,210
is that it happens immediately.
426
00:24:07,278 --> 00:24:09,612
So the natural process is
the degradation
427
00:24:09,681 --> 00:24:11,314
or the decomposition of a body,
428
00:24:11,382 --> 00:24:13,116
so it has to be stopped
immediately.
429
00:24:13,184 --> 00:24:16,819
NARRATOR: This was the case for one
of the most famous mummies of all:
430
00:24:16,888 --> 00:24:20,523
the Egyptian pharaoh
King Tutankhamun.
431
00:24:20,592 --> 00:24:25,561
He was embalmed and then coated
in a black resin-like liquid
432
00:24:25,630 --> 00:24:29,532
that encased
and preserved his skin.
433
00:24:29,601 --> 00:24:33,369
But in natural mummies
like Ötzi,
434
00:24:33,438 --> 00:24:37,373
or those discovered
on mountaintops in the Andes,
435
00:24:37,442 --> 00:24:42,945
or bog bodies
found buried in peat,
436
00:24:43,014 --> 00:24:45,348
the environment alone
preserves the body.
437
00:24:45,416 --> 00:24:49,385
ZINK:
The Iceman is a natural mummy.
438
00:24:49,454 --> 00:24:53,122
He was naturally captured
in the ice.
439
00:24:53,191 --> 00:24:54,690
And he's also a humid mummy,
440
00:24:54,759 --> 00:24:57,693
so he still contains
some water in his tissue
441
00:24:57,762 --> 00:25:00,396
that makes him also
so difficult to preserve.
442
00:25:00,465 --> 00:25:05,301
NARRATOR: It is luck that
Ötzi was preserved at all.
443
00:25:05,370 --> 00:25:08,304
He was nearly lost forever.
444
00:25:08,373 --> 00:25:12,809
Fortunately, his body lay
in a small trench,
445
00:25:12,877 --> 00:25:16,546
protected by large rocks
on two sides.
446
00:25:16,614 --> 00:25:22,418
This trench eventually filled in
with ten feet of snow and ice,
447
00:25:22,487 --> 00:25:24,921
preventing the Iceman
from being swept
448
00:25:24,989 --> 00:25:29,025
into the deadly frozen current
that flowed around it.
449
00:25:29,093 --> 00:25:30,860
ZINK: This makes him
also quite unique.
450
00:25:30,929 --> 00:25:33,729
He's one of a few ice mummies
that exist at all,
451
00:25:33,798 --> 00:25:36,199
and he's the only natural
ice mummy we have
452
00:25:36,267 --> 00:25:37,633
in the Alpine region.
453
00:25:37,702 --> 00:25:41,470
NARRATOR:
The ice preserved Ötzi,
454
00:25:41,539 --> 00:25:43,272
but the great weight
of the glacier
455
00:25:43,341 --> 00:25:45,775
eventually flattened his body,
456
00:25:45,844 --> 00:25:51,848
creating the ultra-lean frame
that Gary is now duplicating.
457
00:25:53,852 --> 00:25:55,351
After weeks of work,
458
00:25:55,420 --> 00:25:59,722
the replica is covered
in a layer of white clay
459
00:25:59,791 --> 00:26:03,559
that matches the texture
of Ötzi's body.
460
00:26:03,628 --> 00:26:06,395
But in order for Gary
to finish the face,
461
00:26:06,464 --> 00:26:09,031
he must remove Ötzi's head.
462
00:26:09,100 --> 00:26:11,601
STAAB: It's much easier to
sculpt away from the body.
463
00:26:11,669 --> 00:26:14,670
So you have to bring it
to where you can focus,
464
00:26:14,739 --> 00:26:16,639
get exactly in a zone
where physically,
465
00:26:16,708 --> 00:26:18,507
you can work on it
for that length of time
466
00:26:18,576 --> 00:26:20,376
and not get ultra-fatigued.
467
00:26:20,445 --> 00:26:23,846
NARRATOR: Ötzi's face presents
a particular challenge.
468
00:26:23,915 --> 00:26:25,955
STAAB: This will be the thing
that everyone looks at.
469
00:26:26,017 --> 00:26:29,151
They'll engage it in the face,
in the eyes,
470
00:26:29,220 --> 00:26:31,287
and that's where they will spend
most of their time.
471
00:26:31,356 --> 00:26:34,523
This is where he will become
a person to them.
472
00:26:34,592 --> 00:26:37,860
He has a really
wild-looking face.
473
00:26:37,929 --> 00:26:40,863
It's a bit grotesque
in some ways.
474
00:26:40,932 --> 00:26:42,665
His lip is actually
pushed up here
475
00:26:42,734 --> 00:26:45,134
because he was lying face down
on a rock,
476
00:26:45,203 --> 00:26:47,637
and that pressure on his face
and over his nose.
477
00:26:47,705 --> 00:26:50,206
The nose is so difficult
to tease out the details
478
00:26:50,275 --> 00:26:52,275
of what's actually
happening there...
479
00:26:52,343 --> 00:26:53,776
You know,
what am I actually seeing,
480
00:26:53,845 --> 00:26:56,112
what's doing what...
So that it can be correct.
481
00:26:58,416 --> 00:26:59,815
It's entirely possible
482
00:26:59,884 --> 00:27:02,485
I will know his face
better than his mother did.
483
00:27:04,923 --> 00:27:08,658
NARRATOR: After months
of sculpting, molding,
484
00:27:08,726 --> 00:27:13,462
and crafting
the exact details of the Iceman,
485
00:27:13,531 --> 00:27:18,501
Gary has reached the most
visible stage in his process.
486
00:27:18,569 --> 00:27:21,203
STAAB:
I'm at a very exciting point.
487
00:27:21,272 --> 00:27:22,972
NARRATOR:
The paint.
488
00:27:23,041 --> 00:27:24,941
STAAB: Finally, I can
actually put color on.
489
00:27:27,345 --> 00:27:29,845
Painting is a very fun part
of this process,
490
00:27:29,914 --> 00:27:32,915
and it's very fun to see this
come to life through color.
491
00:27:32,984 --> 00:27:36,686
NARRATOR: From the rims of his
eyes to the tips of his toes,
492
00:27:36,754 --> 00:27:42,725
Gary must match every inch of
Ötzi's skin to the original...
493
00:27:45,096 --> 00:27:49,432
including the mummy's
mysterious markings...
494
00:27:52,403 --> 00:27:54,804
Many sets of parallel lines...
495
00:27:57,642 --> 00:27:59,709
and two crosses.
496
00:27:59,777 --> 00:28:05,147
These are Ötzi's tattoos.
497
00:28:05,216 --> 00:28:09,352
The Iceman is the oldest
tattooed mummy ever discovered.
498
00:28:09,420 --> 00:28:11,487
STAAB: It's complicated
because there's so many.
499
00:28:11,556 --> 00:28:14,890
Yes, he's covered
with a lot of tattoos.
500
00:28:14,959 --> 00:28:18,995
NARRATOR: Researcher Marco Samadelli
has been one of Ötzi's caretakers
501
00:28:19,063 --> 00:28:21,797
for nearly 20 years.
502
00:28:21,866 --> 00:28:23,199
How did you catalogue
each one of these?
503
00:28:23,267 --> 00:28:26,035
NARRATOR:
Recently, Marco set out
504
00:28:26,104 --> 00:28:30,573
to inventory every tattoo
on Ötzi's skin.
505
00:28:30,641 --> 00:28:33,042
We discovered
exactly 61 tattoos.
506
00:28:33,111 --> 00:28:34,910
STAAB:
That's a lot of ink.
507
00:28:34,979 --> 00:28:38,547
(translated): It's difficult
to see the tattoos
508
00:28:38,616 --> 00:28:41,283
on a 5,000-year-old mummy.
509
00:28:44,322 --> 00:28:47,790
NARRATOR: Marco's research
revealed something
510
00:28:47,859 --> 00:28:50,092
no one had ever seen before,
511
00:28:50,161 --> 00:28:55,631
thanks to a unique camera
sensitive to invisible light.
512
00:28:55,700 --> 00:28:59,368
(translated): Multispectral
imaging is a technique used
513
00:28:59,437 --> 00:29:01,437
to see what the eye can't see.
514
00:29:01,506 --> 00:29:05,541
It's with this we discovered
every single detail,
515
00:29:05,610 --> 00:29:10,046
even under the surface
of the mummy's skin.
516
00:29:10,114 --> 00:29:13,949
NARRATOR: The exact number and
location of all the tattoos
517
00:29:14,018 --> 00:29:17,553
was a mystery until now.
518
00:29:17,622 --> 00:29:21,891
(translated): We discovered a tattoo
that had never been seen before:
519
00:29:21,959 --> 00:29:26,929
four parallel lines
on the right side of his chest.
520
00:29:26,998 --> 00:29:29,498
We were able to locate
all his tattoos
521
00:29:29,567 --> 00:29:33,069
and obtain a complete mapping.
522
00:29:33,137 --> 00:29:35,204
AARON DETER-WOLF:
61 tattoos
523
00:29:35,273 --> 00:29:37,506
arranged in 19 groups
across his body.
524
00:29:39,444 --> 00:29:41,610
NARRATOR:
Archaeologist Aaron Deter-Wolf
525
00:29:41,679 --> 00:29:45,581
studies the use of tattoos
in ancient cultures.
526
00:29:45,650 --> 00:29:47,583
DETER-WOLF:
Tattooing has been practiced
527
00:29:47,652 --> 00:29:50,286
throughout a huge portion
of human history
528
00:29:50,354 --> 00:29:53,622
going back at least 16,000
or 18,000 years before present.
529
00:29:53,691 --> 00:29:55,658
During that time period,
530
00:29:55,726 --> 00:29:57,860
people have been tattooed for
all sorts of different reasons
531
00:29:57,929 --> 00:30:00,863
depending on their culture and
the region in which they lived.
532
00:30:00,932 --> 00:30:07,236
NARRATOR: Aaron has come to Gary's
studio to demonstrate how and why
533
00:30:07,305 --> 00:30:10,239
he believes Ötzi's tattoos
may have been made.
534
00:30:10,308 --> 00:30:12,208
We're going to take
a piece of pigskin,
535
00:30:12,276 --> 00:30:14,743
which is a proxy for human skin,
536
00:30:14,812 --> 00:30:17,580
and we're going to use
these reproduction tools
537
00:30:17,648 --> 00:30:21,183
to tattoo that skin
in the same patterns
538
00:30:21,252 --> 00:30:23,152
that are on Ötzi's body.
539
00:30:23,221 --> 00:30:26,922
NARRATOR: Aaron thinks Ötzi's
tattoos were most likely created
540
00:30:26,991 --> 00:30:29,492
with a technique that was
widespread in the ancient world:
541
00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:34,330
by using a sharp needle,
probably made from bone,
542
00:30:34,398 --> 00:30:36,932
to puncture the skin
and push ink,
543
00:30:37,001 --> 00:30:42,304
made from charcoal,
into the tiny shallow wounds.
544
00:30:42,373 --> 00:30:45,474
DETER-WOLF: What you want to do
is just dip the tip of the tool,
545
00:30:45,543 --> 00:30:50,980
and then you're just going
to go in very, very shallowly.
546
00:30:51,048 --> 00:30:54,250
NARRATOR: Microscopic and
chemical analysis reveals that
547
00:30:54,318 --> 00:30:57,119
the dark lines are made
primarily of carbon,
548
00:30:57,188 --> 00:30:59,155
along with bits of silica.
549
00:30:59,223 --> 00:31:01,090
DETER-WOLF:
A composition
550
00:31:01,159 --> 00:31:03,459
most likely collected
around the edge of a campfire.
551
00:31:03,528 --> 00:31:04,393
STAAB:
So what kind of depth?
552
00:31:04,462 --> 00:31:05,794
Less than a millimeter.
553
00:31:05,863 --> 00:31:07,429
You can feel the skin give.
554
00:31:07,498 --> 00:31:10,266
STAAB:
Just a little tiny pop.
555
00:31:10,334 --> 00:31:12,501
DETER-WOLF: That's moving
through that epidermis, yep.
556
00:31:12,570 --> 00:31:14,904
STAAB: I thought it would
be a little bit easier,
557
00:31:14,972 --> 00:31:17,373
but it takes hundreds
and hundreds of punctures
558
00:31:17,441 --> 00:31:19,441
to actually get a solid line.
559
00:31:19,510 --> 00:31:24,079
I am using the exact same
stabbing technique
560
00:31:24,148 --> 00:31:26,415
with a brush on the model.
561
00:31:26,484 --> 00:31:28,150
Looking at how difficult it was
562
00:31:28,219 --> 00:31:30,953
to create those tattoos
on pigskin,
563
00:31:31,022 --> 00:31:32,742
imagine the pain that Ötzi
had to go through
564
00:31:32,790 --> 00:31:35,457
when he had his tattoos made.
565
00:31:35,526 --> 00:31:38,294
I wouldn't get a tattoo
that way.
566
00:31:38,362 --> 00:31:41,330
NARRATOR:
So why would Ötzi endure
567
00:31:41,399 --> 00:31:42,965
this painful process
568
00:31:43,034 --> 00:31:46,569
not just once,
but dozens of times?
569
00:31:46,637 --> 00:31:49,405
DETER-WOLF: We generally
agree that Ötzi's tattoos
570
00:31:49,473 --> 00:31:53,943
don't seem on the whole
to be decorative or symbolic.
571
00:31:54,011 --> 00:31:56,812
NARRATOR:
For Aaron and other experts,
572
00:31:56,881 --> 00:32:00,282
a key clue to understanding
the purpose of the tattoos
573
00:32:00,351 --> 00:32:03,819
could be where
they've been placed.
574
00:32:03,888 --> 00:32:06,922
DETER-WOLF: A number of Ötzi's
tattoos seemed to correspond
575
00:32:06,991 --> 00:32:11,894
to areas where he suffered
from ailments or injuries.
576
00:32:11,963 --> 00:32:13,963
He had arthritis
in his lower back,
577
00:32:14,031 --> 00:32:17,132
and there are tattoos
on his lower lumbar area.
578
00:32:17,201 --> 00:32:19,602
He had arthritis
in his right knee;
579
00:32:19,670 --> 00:32:21,270
there are tattoos
on the back of his right knee.
580
00:32:21,339 --> 00:32:23,739
He had arthritis in his ankles;
there are a number of tattoos
581
00:32:23,774 --> 00:32:28,410
around both his right
and left ankles.
582
00:32:28,479 --> 00:32:31,313
Most recently,
this new set of tattoos
583
00:32:31,382 --> 00:32:34,583
is located
on his lower right abdomen.
584
00:32:34,652 --> 00:32:36,719
Among the many ailments
that he suffered from
585
00:32:36,787 --> 00:32:39,355
was gallstones and whipworms
in his colon,
586
00:32:39,423 --> 00:32:43,192
and this is a place that is
very close to those areas
587
00:32:43,261 --> 00:32:45,527
and could potentially
have been used
588
00:32:45,596 --> 00:32:48,030
to treat the pains
he was experiencing.
589
00:32:48,099 --> 00:32:50,633
NARRATOR: Tattooing the
skin to alleviate pain
590
00:32:50,701 --> 00:32:53,535
has been the practice
of many cultures.
591
00:32:53,604 --> 00:32:56,038
DETER-WOLF: There are
therapeutic tattoo traditions
592
00:32:56,107 --> 00:32:57,973
that have been documented
all across the world:
593
00:32:58,042 --> 00:32:59,174
in India,
594
00:32:59,243 --> 00:33:01,277
in Southeast Asia,
595
00:33:01,345 --> 00:33:04,346
in North America,
in the American Arctic.
596
00:33:04,415 --> 00:33:07,716
NARRATOR: Ötzi's tattoos are
the earliest direct evidence
597
00:33:07,785 --> 00:33:09,385
of this ancient tradition.
598
00:33:09,453 --> 00:33:12,221
But the tattoos
may not have been
599
00:33:12,290 --> 00:33:16,825
the only medicinal treatment
Ötzi relied on.
600
00:33:16,894 --> 00:33:20,696
In the woods
of Upstate New York,
601
00:33:20,765 --> 00:33:25,668
archaeologist Patrick Hunt
is tracking down wild mushrooms.
602
00:33:25,736 --> 00:33:29,738
With the help of David Work,
an expert in fungi,
603
00:33:29,807 --> 00:33:33,242
they're hunting
for two varieties...
604
00:33:33,311 --> 00:33:40,049
The same ones that Ötzi carried
with him 5,300 years ago.
605
00:33:40,117 --> 00:33:42,217
This is very much like
the forests
606
00:33:42,286 --> 00:33:45,154
that Ötzi would have known
in the Tyrol,
607
00:33:45,222 --> 00:33:48,390
where you've got mixed
deciduous forests.
608
00:33:48,459 --> 00:33:50,059
Wow, that's a beautiful example.
609
00:33:50,127 --> 00:33:52,127
I can probably roll this over.
610
00:33:52,196 --> 00:33:56,098
Maybe not.
611
00:33:56,167 --> 00:33:57,733
If you're carrying
two different mushrooms,
612
00:33:57,802 --> 00:34:00,669
you must have a pretty good idea
613
00:34:00,738 --> 00:34:02,271
they address
different functions.
614
00:34:02,340 --> 00:34:05,274
NARRATOR: One mushroom,
known as tinder fungus,
615
00:34:05,343 --> 00:34:07,343
is often used to start fires.
616
00:34:07,411 --> 00:34:14,483
When dried, it ignites easily
and burns for a long time.
617
00:34:14,552 --> 00:34:18,454
The other kind of fungus, which
Ötzi carried on leather straps,
618
00:34:18,522 --> 00:34:20,889
is called birch polypore.
619
00:34:20,958 --> 00:34:22,391
I'm gonna harvest this one.
620
00:34:22,460 --> 00:34:23,726
NARRATOR:
Most believe Ötzi was carrying
621
00:34:23,794 --> 00:34:26,195
this particular mushroom
for another reason.
622
00:34:26,263 --> 00:34:28,097
This white section here.
623
00:34:28,165 --> 00:34:30,799
NARRATOR:
Its antiseptic power.
624
00:34:30,868 --> 00:34:32,167
HUNT:
Take this mushroom,
625
00:34:32,236 --> 00:34:34,570
peel off the spore layers,
626
00:34:34,638 --> 00:34:39,842
and you can put that
directly on a wound.
627
00:34:39,910 --> 00:34:42,344
It's antibacterial,
it's antiviral...
628
00:34:42,413 --> 00:34:43,613
WORK:
Here, I have a cut there.
629
00:34:43,647 --> 00:34:44,580
We'll put that there.
630
00:34:44,648 --> 00:34:45,814
And you can actually
tie it around
631
00:34:45,883 --> 00:34:48,150
with a piece of grass.
632
00:34:51,455 --> 00:34:53,956
Band-Aid.
633
00:34:54,024 --> 00:34:55,124
You don't need bacterial agents
634
00:34:55,192 --> 00:34:56,258
because it's got it
in the mushroom.
635
00:34:56,327 --> 00:34:57,226
It's already there.
636
00:34:57,294 --> 00:34:59,094
Pretty cool.
637
00:34:59,163 --> 00:35:02,798
NARRATOR: In addition to
the topical treatment,
638
00:35:02,867 --> 00:35:05,701
Ötzi may have ingested
the mushroom
639
00:35:05,770 --> 00:35:08,771
as a kind of Stone Age
pain killer.
640
00:35:08,839 --> 00:35:12,241
The peculiar thing is,
it has the exact properties
641
00:35:12,309 --> 00:35:14,410
that act as remedies
642
00:35:14,478 --> 00:35:16,345
to what Ötzi had wrong with him.
643
00:35:16,414 --> 00:35:18,147
It's been used in modern periods
644
00:35:18,215 --> 00:35:21,183
for some of these
same functions,
645
00:35:21,252 --> 00:35:25,254
but Ötzi is the oldest case
on the record
646
00:35:25,322 --> 00:35:28,424
for anybody knowing this.
647
00:35:28,492 --> 00:35:32,895
We thought that this was
a relatively modern discovery.
648
00:35:32,963 --> 00:35:39,201
Obviously, it's been around
for a long time.
649
00:35:41,539 --> 00:35:45,574
NARRATOR: As Ötzi continues to
challenge scientists and historians
650
00:35:45,643 --> 00:35:48,610
to revise their picture
of the past,
651
00:35:48,679 --> 00:35:52,147
Gary Staab is facing
his own challenge
652
00:35:52,216 --> 00:35:55,050
in the reconstruction
of the mummy's body.
653
00:35:55,119 --> 00:35:57,686
Gary knew it would be a problem
654
00:35:57,755 --> 00:36:01,223
ever since his day
in the freezer:
655
00:36:01,292 --> 00:36:03,859
the Iceman's damaged hip,
656
00:36:03,928 --> 00:36:08,130
perhaps mauled by an animal
scavenger after Ötzi's death.
657
00:36:08,199 --> 00:36:10,098
EGARTER-VIGL:
It's clear that the animals
658
00:36:10,167 --> 00:36:12,267
go to this part of the body.
659
00:36:12,336 --> 00:36:13,469
Scavenging.
660
00:36:13,537 --> 00:36:16,271
Because it's a big attraction
for the animals.
661
00:36:16,340 --> 00:36:20,309
STAAB: The hip is very,
very complicated.
662
00:36:20,377 --> 00:36:21,977
In fact,
it's almost as complicated
663
00:36:22,046 --> 00:36:23,879
as making the entire mummy
on its own.
664
00:36:23,948 --> 00:36:27,549
NARRATOR: While Gary's studio team
makes hundreds of simulated tendons
665
00:36:27,618 --> 00:36:32,788
from natural fibers that are
frayed and dipped in paraffin,
666
00:36:32,857 --> 00:36:36,859
Gary builds Ötzi's
ravaged backside.
667
00:36:36,927 --> 00:36:39,061
STAAB: Because included in
the complexity of this,
668
00:36:39,129 --> 00:36:42,030
there's dried muscle
overlaid by tendons,
669
00:36:42,099 --> 00:36:44,733
then you have frayed tendons
up against bone,
670
00:36:44,802 --> 00:36:46,001
the bone itself,
671
00:36:46,070 --> 00:36:47,870
the cancellous bone
or the bone marrow
672
00:36:47,938 --> 00:36:51,473
inside of the bone
that's fractured and torn apart,
673
00:36:51,542 --> 00:36:52,941
and then you have
the soft tissues
674
00:36:53,010 --> 00:36:54,370
that overlay the bone
on this side,
675
00:36:54,411 --> 00:36:59,948
you've got lower bowel intestine
that's exposed and broken
676
00:37:00,017 --> 00:37:03,285
with bowel stomach contents
inside of it,
677
00:37:03,354 --> 00:37:07,322
and then you have
fat deposition in here.
678
00:37:07,391 --> 00:37:10,459
So just this section alone has
that many different finishes
679
00:37:10,528 --> 00:37:13,195
that have to be replicated,
so this is by far
680
00:37:13,264 --> 00:37:16,532
the most complicated project
I've ever worked on.
681
00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:21,904
NARRATOR: It will take weeks to
sculpt the Iceman's injured hip.
682
00:37:21,972 --> 00:37:25,173
Meanwhile, scientists
continue to search
683
00:37:25,242 --> 00:37:26,909
for Ötzi's true identity,
684
00:37:26,977 --> 00:37:31,079
investigating perhaps the most
revealing evidence available:
685
00:37:31,148 --> 00:37:34,883
Iceman's genetic code.
686
00:37:34,952 --> 00:37:36,451
CARLOS BUSTAMANTE:
Genetics is giving us insights
687
00:37:36,520 --> 00:37:38,487
that we cannot get
through any other means.
688
00:37:38,556 --> 00:37:44,927
NARRATOR: The genetic blueprint of
every living thing is written in DNA.
689
00:37:44,995 --> 00:37:47,329
It's made of four chemicals,
690
00:37:47,398 --> 00:37:52,935
abbreviated as A, C, G, and T.
691
00:37:53,003 --> 00:37:56,805
These four letters,
in a twisting double helix,
692
00:37:56,874 --> 00:38:01,677
are arranged into 23 pairs
of chromosomes within each cell.
693
00:38:01,745 --> 00:38:04,913
This is our biological code
694
00:38:04,982 --> 00:38:10,052
containing all the information
to build and run our bodies.
695
00:38:10,120 --> 00:38:14,156
Ötzi was one of the first
ancient Europeans
696
00:38:14,224 --> 00:38:17,693
to have his entire code,
or genome, analyzed.
697
00:38:17,761 --> 00:38:23,432
It provided detailed clues
to his appearance and health.
698
00:38:23,500 --> 00:38:26,568
If you look at a particular gene
on chromosome 15,
699
00:38:26,637 --> 00:38:29,805
it's the gene that most likely
determines eye color.
700
00:38:29,873 --> 00:38:32,374
If you see a pair of Gs
at this position,
701
00:38:32,443 --> 00:38:35,777
that likely means that
the person has blue eyes.
702
00:38:35,846 --> 00:38:37,279
Whereas in the case of Ötzi,
703
00:38:37,348 --> 00:38:39,114
we see an A from both parents,
704
00:38:39,183 --> 00:38:40,716
and so that likely means that
705
00:38:40,784 --> 00:38:42,384
he had dark-colored eyes.
706
00:38:42,453 --> 00:38:45,520
NARRATOR: On another
chromosome, number 12,
707
00:38:45,589 --> 00:38:51,393
two Ts indicate that his hair
was also dark.
708
00:38:51,462 --> 00:38:54,963
Other chromosomes reveal
new details.
709
00:38:55,032 --> 00:38:57,933
Ötzi had blood type O.
710
00:38:58,002 --> 00:39:02,104
He even had a predisposition
for arteriosclerosis...
711
00:39:02,172 --> 00:39:04,072
Heart disease,
712
00:39:04,141 --> 00:39:07,676
often assumed to be associated
with our modern lifestyle.
713
00:39:07,745 --> 00:39:11,747
The team also found
DNA fragments
714
00:39:11,815 --> 00:39:16,218
from the microbe that causes
Lyme disease,
715
00:39:16,286 --> 00:39:20,355
making Ötzi
the earliest known case.
716
00:39:20,424 --> 00:39:25,260
But what about his origins?
717
00:39:25,329 --> 00:39:27,462
Who were Ötzi's ancestors?
718
00:39:27,531 --> 00:39:29,464
BUSTAMANTE:
The very cool thing about DNA
719
00:39:29,533 --> 00:39:34,136
is that changes in DNA
literally make us who we are.
720
00:39:34,204 --> 00:39:39,141
The material that we inherit
from our mom and our dad
721
00:39:39,209 --> 00:39:42,177
links us to all
of our ancestors,
722
00:39:42,246 --> 00:39:45,514
and by comparing DNA across
individuals in populations,
723
00:39:45,582 --> 00:39:49,718
we can get a very rich picture
of our ancestry:
724
00:39:49,787 --> 00:39:54,690
who are we related to,
where did they come from?
725
00:39:54,758 --> 00:39:57,759
NARRATOR: Finding answers
is especially important
726
00:39:57,828 --> 00:40:00,062
because Ötzi dates
to around the time
727
00:40:00,130 --> 00:40:05,200
when prehistoric Europe
was undergoing major changes,
728
00:40:05,269 --> 00:40:07,936
as the ancient
hunter-gatherer lifestyle
729
00:40:08,005 --> 00:40:11,006
was gradually displaced
by farming.
730
00:40:11,075 --> 00:40:12,507
BUSTAMANTE:
Ötzi comes
731
00:40:12,576 --> 00:40:14,776
from an incredibly important
period in European history,
732
00:40:14,812 --> 00:40:18,747
where we go from hunter-
gatherers living in Europe
733
00:40:18,816 --> 00:40:23,418
to the widespread adoption
of farming.
734
00:40:23,487 --> 00:40:26,388
Because it's a transitional
time period in which Ötzi lives,
735
00:40:26,457 --> 00:40:29,958
there are huge life ways
that converge,
736
00:40:30,027 --> 00:40:33,428
whether people
are hunter-gatherers
737
00:40:33,497 --> 00:40:35,931
or whether they're
early farmers.
738
00:40:35,999 --> 00:40:37,666
He's in transition.
739
00:40:37,735 --> 00:40:39,568
His culture's in transition.
740
00:40:39,636 --> 00:40:46,441
NARRATOR: 45,000 years ago, modern
humans first began arriving in Europe.
741
00:40:48,412 --> 00:40:50,645
They were hunter-gatherers,
742
00:40:50,714 --> 00:40:54,182
foraging plants
and hunting wild game.
743
00:40:57,154 --> 00:41:02,357
Then, about 7,000 years ago,
everything began to change.
744
00:41:02,426 --> 00:41:07,829
People in Europe began
to cultivate crops for food.
745
00:41:07,898 --> 00:41:12,434
And by about 5,000 years ago,
the hunter-gatherer culture
746
00:41:12,503 --> 00:41:16,838
had almost completely
disappeared from the continent.
747
00:41:16,907 --> 00:41:20,475
It is one of the most
revolutionary transformations
748
00:41:20,544 --> 00:41:23,245
in human history.
749
00:41:25,849 --> 00:41:30,185
Where does Ötzi fit
into this changing landscape?
750
00:41:30,254 --> 00:41:34,923
Did he come from a group
of ancient hunter-gatherers
751
00:41:34,992 --> 00:41:37,726
who still lived in pockets
throughout Europe?
752
00:41:37,795 --> 00:41:40,462
Or were his people farmers
753
00:41:40,531 --> 00:41:44,099
living a more settled life
in the foothills of the Alps?
754
00:41:44,168 --> 00:41:47,936
Scientists turn to Ötzi's
pre-historic artifacts
755
00:41:48,005 --> 00:41:49,671
for more insight.
756
00:41:49,740 --> 00:41:51,239
HUNT:
When you excavate
757
00:41:51,308 --> 00:41:57,279
or find someone who died
5,000 years ago,
758
00:41:57,347 --> 00:42:01,683
usually, all you have left
are the bones.
759
00:42:01,752 --> 00:42:05,120
What is so fantastic
about Ötzi is that
760
00:42:05,189 --> 00:42:08,924
because he was found
in a glacier,
761
00:42:08,992 --> 00:42:14,129
because he was frozen in time
for 5,000-plus years,
762
00:42:14,198 --> 00:42:19,968
everything survives:
his clothes, his tools.
763
00:42:22,639 --> 00:42:26,575
NARRATOR: Among the items recovered
from the glacier were a fur hat,
764
00:42:26,643 --> 00:42:29,611
patchwork leggings
made of leather,
765
00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:33,181
deerskin shoes stuffed with hay,
766
00:42:33,250 --> 00:42:36,751
a six-foot longbow,
767
00:42:36,820 --> 00:42:40,422
a quiver that held
over a dozen arrows.
768
00:42:40,490 --> 00:42:41,990
HUNT:
If you want an arrow shaft,
769
00:42:42,059 --> 00:42:45,227
you want the woods that
he chose, cornel and viburnum.
770
00:42:45,295 --> 00:42:47,429
They grow very straight,
771
00:42:47,497 --> 00:42:49,664
they're easily harvested,
they're fairly prolific.
772
00:42:49,733 --> 00:42:52,400
NARRATOR:
His expertly made weapons
773
00:42:52,469 --> 00:42:56,571
seem well suited for a man
who hunted for his meals.
774
00:42:56,640 --> 00:43:01,509
But other objects paint
a different picture.
775
00:43:01,578 --> 00:43:04,980
Ötzi's finely crafted copper ax,
776
00:43:05,048 --> 00:43:08,650
one of the oldest metal tools
ever found in Europe,
777
00:43:08,719 --> 00:43:11,720
points to a more advanced
society...
778
00:43:11,788 --> 00:43:14,389
One based on farming.
779
00:43:14,458 --> 00:43:19,160
Could the Iceman's DNA
help solve the mystery
780
00:43:19,229 --> 00:43:21,830
and determine
whether Ötzi's people
781
00:43:21,899 --> 00:43:24,566
were hunter-gatherers
or farmers?
782
00:43:24,635 --> 00:43:31,039
To find out, researchers focus
on mutations in the DNA,
783
00:43:31,108 --> 00:43:33,408
random mistakes that can occur
784
00:43:33,477 --> 00:43:36,912
when the billions of chemicals
that make up our genetic code...
785
00:43:36,980 --> 00:43:42,150
All those As, Ts, Gs, and Cs...
Get copied.
786
00:43:42,219 --> 00:43:45,921
BUSTAMANTE: The human genome is
three billion base pairs long.
787
00:43:45,989 --> 00:43:48,456
Every once in a while,
you get a mutation,
788
00:43:48,525 --> 00:43:53,361
and that mutation
sometimes ends up spreading.
789
00:43:53,430 --> 00:43:56,498
NARRATOR: These mutations
help create specific patterns
790
00:43:56,566 --> 00:44:02,203
of genetic variation in our DNA
inherited from our parents.
791
00:44:02,272 --> 00:44:05,140
The closer two people
are related,
792
00:44:05,208 --> 00:44:09,477
the more of these patterns
they'll have in common.
793
00:44:09,546 --> 00:44:13,648
So whose DNA
does Ötzi match best:
794
00:44:13,717 --> 00:44:17,919
the hunter-gatherers
or the farmers?
795
00:44:17,988 --> 00:44:21,222
BUSTAMANTE: The only way to get at
that was to have other ancient samples
796
00:44:21,291 --> 00:44:25,660
from known farmers
and known hunter-gatherers
797
00:44:25,729 --> 00:44:29,831
from across Europe
across different points in time.
798
00:44:29,900 --> 00:44:32,267
NARRATOR:
They found the sample DNA
799
00:44:32,336 --> 00:44:34,669
in the bones of dozens
of ancient people
800
00:44:34,738 --> 00:44:39,174
excavated from archaeological
sites all over Europe.
801
00:44:39,242 --> 00:44:43,111
Some samples go back
45,000 years,
802
00:44:43,180 --> 00:44:46,047
when hunting was
the only way of life.
803
00:44:46,116 --> 00:44:50,518
Other samples were from
7,000-year-old farming sites.
804
00:44:50,587 --> 00:44:52,587
And the result?
805
00:44:52,656 --> 00:44:57,492
Ötzi's DNA is a close match
to that of ancient farmers,
806
00:44:57,561 --> 00:45:01,363
not hunter-gatherers.
807
00:45:01,431 --> 00:45:03,698
BUSTAMANTE:
It became pretty clear
808
00:45:03,767 --> 00:45:06,601
that all of the individuals
809
00:45:06,670 --> 00:45:10,071
that we had labeled
archaeologically as farmers
810
00:45:10,140 --> 00:45:12,841
were closest to Ötzi.
811
00:45:12,909 --> 00:45:17,278
NARRATOR: Ötzi's DNA reveals that
he was descended from farmers
812
00:45:17,347 --> 00:45:22,484
who were in Europe nearly
2,000 years before he was born.
813
00:45:22,552 --> 00:45:24,152
What's more,
814
00:45:24,221 --> 00:45:28,556
the same DNA patterns show up
in even older bones found
815
00:45:28,625 --> 00:45:33,328
in some of the earliest known
farming sites in the world,
816
00:45:33,397 --> 00:45:36,297
in what is today Turkey.
817
00:45:36,366 --> 00:45:40,935
This suggests that farmers
migrated to Europe from Turkey,
818
00:45:41,004 --> 00:45:43,905
filling much of the continent.
819
00:45:43,974 --> 00:45:48,076
Eventually, they pushed aside
most of the hunter-gatherers
820
00:45:48,145 --> 00:45:51,546
and their DNA.
821
00:45:51,615 --> 00:45:56,151
So where is Ötzi's DNA now?
822
00:45:56,219 --> 00:46:01,322
Could he have distant relatives
alive even today?
823
00:46:01,391 --> 00:46:03,792
Comparing his genome
824
00:46:03,860 --> 00:46:06,694
to modern DNA samples
from all over Europe
825
00:46:06,763 --> 00:46:09,431
would provide the answer.
826
00:46:09,499 --> 00:46:15,170
BUSTAMANTE: Who Ötzi really
was genetically surprised us.
827
00:46:15,238 --> 00:46:18,339
When we started analyzing
the ancestry of Ötzi,
828
00:46:18,408 --> 00:46:21,342
we figured,
"Ah, he was probably Italian."
829
00:46:23,080 --> 00:46:25,046
Wrong... didn't cluster
with the Italians.
830
00:46:25,115 --> 00:46:27,749
Maybe he's Austrian?
831
00:46:27,818 --> 00:46:29,918
Wrong... he didn't cluster
with the Austrians.
832
00:46:29,986 --> 00:46:31,453
Eastern European?
833
00:46:31,521 --> 00:46:32,821
Wrong.
834
00:46:32,889 --> 00:46:34,422
North African?
835
00:46:34,491 --> 00:46:35,491
Wrong, wrong, wrong.
836
00:46:37,594 --> 00:46:39,027
So where's this guy from?
837
00:46:39,096 --> 00:46:40,595
And it turned out,
838
00:46:40,664 --> 00:46:43,731
much to our surprise, that
his closest living relatives
839
00:46:43,800 --> 00:46:46,935
were on the islands of Sardinia
and Corsica.
840
00:46:47,003 --> 00:46:48,636
Totally unexpected.
841
00:46:48,705 --> 00:46:52,140
NARRATOR: Does this mean
that Ötzi was Sardinian?
842
00:46:52,209 --> 00:46:54,642
Not necessarily.
843
00:46:54,711 --> 00:46:59,347
Most likely, 5,300 years ago,
when the Iceman was born,
844
00:46:59,416 --> 00:47:03,218
most people in Europe,
including Sardinians,
845
00:47:03,286 --> 00:47:06,387
carried similar patterns
in their DNA
846
00:47:06,456 --> 00:47:09,524
from the early farmer
immigrants.
847
00:47:09,593 --> 00:47:12,327
But over the last 5,000 years,
848
00:47:12,395 --> 00:47:16,030
Europe has seen wave after wave
of new immigrants,
849
00:47:16,099 --> 00:47:19,868
adding new patterns of DNA
to the mix.
850
00:47:19,936 --> 00:47:23,805
Except on the isolated island
of Sardinia.
851
00:47:23,874 --> 00:47:27,375
There, ever since
the early farmers arrived,
852
00:47:27,444 --> 00:47:30,345
the inhabitants
and their DNA pattern
853
00:47:30,413 --> 00:47:33,248
have stayed relatively stable.
854
00:47:33,316 --> 00:47:36,584
BUSTAMANTE: This wave of farmers
that swept through Europe
855
00:47:36,653 --> 00:47:39,754
made it to Sardinia
and stayed there
856
00:47:39,823 --> 00:47:41,389
as a genetic snapshot
857
00:47:41,458 --> 00:47:43,491
of what that wave of immigration
looked like.
858
00:47:43,560 --> 00:47:50,999
NARRATOR: This makes today's Sardinians
Ötzi's closest living relatives.
859
00:47:54,905 --> 00:47:56,905
Over the past five months,
860
00:47:56,973 --> 00:48:00,508
here at Gary's studio
in Missouri,
861
00:48:00,577 --> 00:48:03,945
the Iceman has undergone
a complicated transformation.
862
00:48:04,014 --> 00:48:06,414
If they look at this
and they believe that it's real,
863
00:48:06,483 --> 00:48:08,082
then I've done my job,
864
00:48:08,151 --> 00:48:10,185
and we want only Ötzi
to be the final product.
865
00:48:10,253 --> 00:48:12,420
It's just about Ötzi.
866
00:48:14,691 --> 00:48:16,424
NARRATOR:
Before the model is finished,
867
00:48:16,493 --> 00:48:19,594
its accuracy will be put
to the ultimate test.
868
00:48:19,663 --> 00:48:21,563
So good to see you.
869
00:48:21,631 --> 00:48:23,264
NARRATOR: When Albert Zink,
who oversees the institute
870
00:48:23,333 --> 00:48:26,301
for mummies
and the Iceman in Italy,
871
00:48:26,369 --> 00:48:29,671
comes to examine Gary's work.
872
00:48:29,739 --> 00:48:32,020
STAAB: I'm absolutely petrified
that he's here to see this
873
00:48:32,075 --> 00:48:34,275
because he is the person
874
00:48:34,344 --> 00:48:37,078
who is the most familiar
with the mummy.
875
00:48:43,720 --> 00:48:48,389
My goal is to have him
for one second be fooled
876
00:48:48,458 --> 00:48:50,558
that maybe he's actually
looking at Ötzi.
877
00:49:02,672 --> 00:49:04,639
I have to tell you something,
it's really good.
878
00:49:04,708 --> 00:49:06,241
It's a really good work.
879
00:49:06,309 --> 00:49:07,909
I'm really very impressed.
880
00:49:07,978 --> 00:49:09,844
It's really amazing.
881
00:49:09,913 --> 00:49:11,012
That's good.
882
00:49:11,081 --> 00:49:12,380
Wow, wow.
883
00:49:12,449 --> 00:49:14,182
ZINK:
Some moments, I felt that
884
00:49:14,251 --> 00:49:16,284
the mummy's outside of his
freezer, it's too dangerous.
885
00:49:16,353 --> 00:49:18,586
But then I realized
it's the replica.
886
00:49:38,541 --> 00:49:40,875
You managed to give him
this kind of expression
887
00:49:40,944 --> 00:49:43,945
that you still can feel somewhat
that this was a human being,
888
00:49:44,014 --> 00:49:45,880
somebody who lived
very long ago.
889
00:49:45,949 --> 00:49:48,449
It's really a masterpiece.
890
00:49:48,518 --> 00:49:52,487
This is great for scholars
because with this replica,
891
00:49:52,555 --> 00:49:54,789
you can really explore
in much more detail.
892
00:49:54,858 --> 00:49:58,159
In combination with all
the other data we have,
893
00:49:58,228 --> 00:50:01,496
I think this will bring us also
a step forward in our research.
894
00:50:04,534 --> 00:50:08,436
NARRATOR: With Albert Zink's
approval, the time has come for Gary
895
00:50:08,505 --> 00:50:11,739
to share the replica
with the world.
896
00:50:11,808 --> 00:50:13,841
All right.
897
00:50:13,910 --> 00:50:17,645
NARRATOR: He's brought Ötzi to New
York's Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,
898
00:50:17,714 --> 00:50:21,883
one of the world's foremost
genetic research institutes.
899
00:50:21,951 --> 00:50:25,920
For Gary, it's like
dropping a child off
900
00:50:25,989 --> 00:50:27,922
at the first day of school.
901
00:50:27,991 --> 00:50:29,231
STAAB:
I'm a little bit nervous.
902
00:50:29,292 --> 00:50:31,492
It's been a really long road,
903
00:50:31,561 --> 00:50:37,031
and it's a lot of work
culminating with this day.
904
00:50:37,100 --> 00:50:40,001
NARRATOR: For many years, the
director of Cold Spring Harbor
905
00:50:40,070 --> 00:50:45,673
was James Watson, co-discoverer
of DNA's double helix.
906
00:50:45,742 --> 00:50:47,275
It's remarkable.
907
00:50:47,344 --> 00:50:51,112
JAMES WATSON:
It was very exciting to get DNA
908
00:50:51,181 --> 00:50:52,880
from 5,000 years ago.
909
00:50:54,651 --> 00:50:58,286
NARRATOR: Ötzi could never have
known that how he lived and died
910
00:50:58,355 --> 00:51:02,690
would intrigue and inspire
future generations.
911
00:51:02,759 --> 00:51:04,592
BOY: It looks like
he's looking at you.
912
00:51:04,661 --> 00:51:06,194
NARRATOR:
Like these students,
913
00:51:06,262 --> 00:51:10,231
some of whom have been
studying him for years.
914
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:11,599
Ötzi is a great example
915
00:51:11,668 --> 00:51:14,836
of how DNA can help us
learn about the past.
916
00:51:14,904 --> 00:51:16,838
He's awesome,
coolest dead guy in the world.
917
00:51:19,476 --> 00:51:21,409
BUSTAMANTE: What's incredible
about the Ötzi story is
918
00:51:21,478 --> 00:51:23,278
that as technology's
gotten better and better,
919
00:51:23,346 --> 00:51:26,180
it's the gift
that keeps on giving.
920
00:51:26,249 --> 00:51:28,950
We can keep going back
to the sample,
921
00:51:29,018 --> 00:51:31,853
and it yields new mysteries
and new insights
922
00:51:31,921 --> 00:51:37,458
into both human history
and into Ötzi himself.
923
00:51:39,829 --> 00:51:42,397
NARRATOR:
Ötzi was a man on the move
924
00:51:42,465 --> 00:51:45,566
until an arrow ended his journey
through life.
925
00:51:47,704 --> 00:51:50,605
But his death on the mountain
would ultimately take him
926
00:51:50,673 --> 00:51:54,442
much farther than
he could ever have imagined,
927
00:51:54,511 --> 00:52:01,482
and make him one of the most
famous and fascinating humans
928
00:52:01,551 --> 00:52:04,152
who ever walked the earth.
929
00:52:11,694 --> 00:52:14,896
Captioned by Media Access
Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org
930
00:52:28,044 --> 00:52:30,678
This NOVA program
is available on DVD.
931
00:52:30,747 --> 00:52:36,217
To order, visit shopPBS.org,
or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.
932
00:52:36,286 --> 00:52:38,753
NOVA is also available
for download on iTunes.